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THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


now  /\cquireo, 


MM? 


PHONETIC  SHORTHAND. 


NOTE.— The  Phonetic  Shorthand  Speed-Book,  refer- 
ences to  which  appear  in  the  text  of  this  Manual,  con- 
tains extensive  practice  exercises  for  the  use  of  stu- 
dents desiring  to  review  after  completing1  their  course 
in  school.  Price,  $1.25. 


PHONETIC  SHORTHAND. 


A  COMPLETE  MANUAL  OF  PITMAN'S  PHONOGRAPHY 

WITH  ALL  THE  MODERN   IMPROVEMENTS. 


BY  WILLIAM  W.  OSGOODBY, 

THIRTY-FOUR  YEARS  OFFICIAL  STENOGRAPHER  OP  THE  NEW  YORK  SUPREME  COURT  ;   SX-PRK8IDENT  OF  THE 

NEW  YOEK  STATE  STENOGRAPHER'S  ASSOCIATION  ;    FOREIGN  ASSOCIATE  OF  THE  LONDON 

SHORTHAND  SOCIETY  ;    AUTHOR  OF  THK  PHONETIC  SHORTHAND 

WORD-BOOK.  SPEED-BOOK,  ETC. 


EIGHTH  EDITION. 


ROCHESTER,  N.  Y. 
WILLIAMS  &  ROGERS. 

1896. 


COPYRIGHT,  1894,  BY  WILLIAM  W.  OSGOODBY. 


E.  R.  ANDREWS,  PRINTER, 

ROCHESTER,  N.  Y. 


To  ISAAC  PITMAN, 

By  whose  Genius  the  Basis  of  Phonographic  Art  was  laid, 

5 

and  to  the  many  Practitioners  by  -whose  Labors  it  has  been 

OQ 

brought  to  its  present  State  of  Perfection,  all  Stenographers 

of  the  English-speaking  World  owe  a    Debt  of  profound 
Gratitude. 


ALPHABET. 

CONSONANTS. 

DUPLICATES. 

NAME. 

SOUND. 

NAME. 

SOUND. 

Pe 

\ 

P     in  PIP 

Iss 

'  o 

S       in  BLISS 

Ses 

O 

Ses    in  BASES 

Be 

B     in  BIB 

1st 

o 

St      in  BLAST 

Te 

| 

T     in  TIGHT 

Ster 

# 

Ster  in  ULSTER 

1 

Ye 

u     n 

Y       in  YOKE 

De 

1 

D     in  DIED 

We 

C       3 

W     in  WALK 

Chay 

/ 

CH  in  ETCH 

Jay 

/ 

J      in  EDGE 

LONG 

" 

VOWELS. 

Kay 



K     in  KICK 

E 

as  in  BEAT 

Gay 

— 

G     in  GIG 

A 

as  in  BAIT 

Ef 

^ 

F     in  FIFE 

AH 

" 

as  in  BALM 

Ve 

^ 

V     in  VIVE 

AW 

as  in  BOUGHT 

Ith 

( 

THin  THIN 

0 

as  in  BOAT 

The 

( 

THin  THEN 

00 

- 

as  in  BOOT 

.Es 

) 

S      in  HISS 

SHORT  VOWELS. 

Ze 

) 

Z      in  HIS 

I 

as  in  BIT 

Ish 

_> 

SH  in  ASSURE 

E 

• 

as  in  BET 

Zhe 

J 

ZH  in  AZURE 

A 

as  in  BAT 

Lay 

r 

L     in  LEAL 

6 

as  in  BOG 

Ar 

^ 

R     in  ROAR 

U 

- 

as  in  BUN 

Ray 

X 

R     in  ROAR 

66 

- 

as  in  FOOT 

Em 
En 

*~** 

M    in  MAIM 

N     in  NUN 

DIPHTHONGS. 

Yay 

r 

Y     in  YEA 

I 

A 

as  in  BITE 

Way 

"S 

W    in  WAY 

OI 

as  in  BOIL 

Hay 

^ 

H     in  HAY 

OW 

A 

as  in  BOUT 

Ing- 

^ 

NG  in  SONG 

EW 

as  in  BREW 

PHONETIC    SHORTHAND. 


Sec.  i.  Introductory.— a.  In  Phonetic  Shorthand  words 
are  spelled  as  they  are  pronounced,  and  no  silent  letters  are 
used.  In  the  English  alphabet  the  sounds  of  Ch  as  in  chain, 
Th  in  thin,  Sh  in  show,  and  Ng  in  sing,  are  not  provided  with 
distinct  letters,  though  they  are  really  simple  sounds.  The 
same  letter  often  indicates  different  sounds,  in  different  words, 
as  the  letter  G,  in  the  words  gun,  gem ;  the  use  of  two  or  more 
letters  to  indicate  a  sound  for  which  a  single  character  is  pro- 
vided, is  also  very  frequent,  as  the  sound  of  F  in  the  word  trough, 
triumph ;  and  a  single,  simple  sound  is  often  indicated  by  let- 
ters to  which  entirely  different  values  are  usually  assigned,  as 
in  the  words  pleasure,  azure,  the  letters  S  and  Z  are  used  to 
indicate  a  sound  which  has  no  precise  representative  in  the 
language.  Similar  inconsistencies  exist  with  respect  to  vowel 
sounds.  In  Phonetic  Shorthand,  however,  each  distinct  vocal 
sound  is  provided  with  a  distinct  letter. 

b.  The  alphabet  should  be  carefully    studied,   and    the 
names  of  the  letters  should  be  learned  in  connection  with  their 
sounds.     The  letters  Chay  and  Gay,  for  instance,  which  repre- 
sent the  sound  of  Ch  and  the  "hard"  sound  of  G,  should  not 
be  called  see-aitch  and  jee-     There  is  probably  no  better  way  to 
commit  the  letters  to  memory,  than  to  trace  them  repeatedly 
with  a  penholder,  pointed  like  a  pencil,  the  sound  of  each  let- 
ter being  pronounced  aloud  as  it  is  traced  ;  varying  the  exercise 
by  frequently  writing  the  letters  with  particular  attention  to 
form  and  to  the  proper  angle  with  the  line  of  writing. 

c.  It  is  only  by  careful  and  persistent  practice,  not  only  in 
writing  but  in  reading  his  shorthand  notes,  that  a  legible  style 
can  be  acquired  by  the  student ;  and  an  illegible  style  is  worth- 
less, even  though  written  at  high  rate  of  speed.     Every  charac- 
ter should  be  made  with  precision,  and  no  attempt  should  be 

1 


INTRODUCTORY. 


made  to  write  rapidly ;  speed  will  come  when  practice  has  given 
the  necessary  facility  for  smooth  and  graceful  writing. 

d.  The  different  principles  should  be  taken  in  order,  and 
each  thoroughly  understood  before  the  next  one  is  taken  up. 
These  principles  do  not  apply  to  single  words  alone — they  apply 
to  classes  of  words  and  phrases  ;  and  if  any  one  of  them  be  mis- 
understood or  misapplied,  the  error  is  far-reaching,  involving 
all  the  words  or  phrases  in  the  language  to  which  the  rule  is 
applicable. 

e.  The  student  should  not  be  satisfied  with  once  reading 
the  engraved  exercises ;  they  should  be  read  and  copied  in 
shorthand  many  times,  until  each  word-form  can  be  recognized 
instantly.     The  same  care  should  be  taken  in  the  use  of  the 
writing  exercises,  which  begin  on  page  73.     The  value  of  one's 
knowledge  in  this  study,  depends  not  only  upon  his  perfect 
familiarity  with  every  principle,  but  upon  his  ability  to  apply 
each  of  those  principles  readily  and  correctly ;  and  this  ability 
can  only  be  attained  by  earnest  and  painstaking  effort. 

f .  The  proper  use  of  punctuation  will  very  much  aid  the 
student    in    reading    his    written    exercises.     The    following 
marks  are  used  in  shorthand  :     *>   Period ;    t/     Semicolon  ;    == 
Hyphen ;    ~~~~    Dash ;     *..    Interrogation ;     /  Exclamation ; 

/  Paragraph.  Excepting  these,  the  ordinary  marks  of  punct- 
uation  are  used.  The  dot  of  the  comma  should  be  distinctly 
made.  "/S£e£."  written  in  the  margin  of  the  notes,  indicates 
that  an  erasure  has  been  made  by  mistake.  Particular 
emphasis  to  a  word  or  phrase  is  indicated  by  underscoring  it 
with  a  waved  line.  If  more  than  one  outline  is  to  be  under- 
scored, a  light,  straight  line  is  used.  Two  inclined  ticks  are 
placed  under  a  word  to  indicate  that  it  should  be  written  with 
a  capital  in  transcribing  notes  ;  as, 


When     Envy       cannot    deny     Merit,      it    ignores     it. 
A  proper  name,   consisting  of  two  or  more  words  may    be 
underscored  with  a  light,  straight  line;  as,    J~  \^~ ^ 


THE  ALPHABET. 

Sec.  2.  The  alphabet  of  Phonetic  Shorthand  contains  forty 
letters,  representing  the  forty  elementary  sounds  of  the  English 
language.  These  letters  are  divided  into  two  general  classes, 
namely,  Consonants  and  Vowels.  The  consonant  sounds  are 
represented  by  straight  and  curved  lines  (called  stems),  and 
the  vowels  by  dots,  dashes,  and  angles.  The  stems  of  a  word 
are  written  together,  each  stem  after  the  first  one  being  joined 
to  the  one  preceding  it,  without  lifting  the  pen ;  and  the  stems 
thus  joined  are  termed  the  outline  of  the  word.  The  vowels  are 
inserted  after  the  outline  is  thus  completed. 

a.  The  names  of  the  letters,  and  the  sounds  indicated  by 
them,  must  be  thoroughly  learned.    Make  the  stems  uniform  in 
length,  and  exact  in  form,  direction,  and  shading.    Write  on 
ruled  paper — paper  ruled  with  double  lines  is  by  far  the  best — 
and  always  write  with  pen  and  ink.     When  stems  are  joined  at 
an  angle,  make  the  angle  distinct.     When  two  straight  stems 
are  joined  without  an  angle,   write  them  with  a  continuous 
straight  line  twice  the  length  of  a  single  stem  ;  and  if  one  stem 
be  light  and  the  other  heavy,  shade  them  carefully  into  each 
other.    (See  illustrations  on  page  5. ) 

b.  In  writing  the  exercises  upon  the  consonants,  the  first 
upright  or  inclined  stem  in  an  outline  should  be  placed  upon  the 
line ;  and  if  the  first  stem  be  horizontal,  followed  by  a  stem 
struck  upward  or  downward,  the  former  must  be  placed  in  such 
position  that  the  latter  may  rest  upon  the  line  ;  but  if  all  the 
stems  of  an  outline  be  horizontal,  it  should  be  written  on  the 
line. 

CONSONANTS. 

Sec.  3.  The  consonants  are  divided  into  three  groups, 
viz.  :  1.  Regular  Straight  Stems  ;  2.  Regular  Curved  Stems  : 
3.  Irregular  Stems.  The  regular  stems  are  arranged  in  pairs, the 
second  one  of  each  pair  being  shaded,  thus  indicating  the  natural 
distinction  between  the  vocal  and  whispered  sounds  represented 
by  them.  The  irregular  stems  are  not  thus  paired. 

NOTE.— The  sound  of  Th  in  them,  is  indicated  by  the  letters  Dh,  in  the 
rules  ami  -writing  exercises,  the  name  of  the  stem  being  pronounced  like 
the  word  the.  3 


CONSONANTS. 


a.  Regular  Straight  Stems. — These  are  all  written  down- 
ward,  except  Kay  and  Gay,  which  are  written  from  left  to 
right.     Great  care  should  be  taken  to  strike  these  stems  in  the 
exact  directions  shown  in  the  engraving.     (See  lines  1  and  2.) 

WRITING    EXERCISE. 

P,  b,  t,  d,  ch,  j,  k,  g;  p-b  t-d,  ch-j,  k-g,  p-t, 
t-p,  b-t,  t-b,  t-k,  k-t,  t-ch,  ch-t,  k-p,  p-k,  k-b,  b-k, 
k-ch,  ch-k,  ch-g,  g-ch,  k-j,  j-k,  d-t,  b-p,  g-k,  p-p, 
t-t,  k-k,  b-b,  d-d,  g-g,  j-j,  k-d,  d-k,  p-ch,  ch-p,  b-ch, 
ch-b,  b-j,  j-b,  t-b-k,  k-b-t. 

b.  Regular  Curved    Stems.— These  may  all  be  written 
downward,  at  present.  Rules  will  hereafter  be  given  for  writing 
Sh  upward  in  certain  cases.     Shade  the  heavy  curves  carefully, 
to  give  them  a  graceful  appearance.    Light  and  heavy  curves 
are  shaded  into  each  other,   when  joined  without  an  angle. 
(Lines  3-5.) 

WRITING    EXERCISE. 

P,    v,     th,    dh    (the),    s,     z,     sh,     zh ;     frg,     g-f,  ,f-p, 

p-t,     s-p,     ttth,     ch_-s,     f-th,     sh-f,     v-g,     g-th,     g-dh,  f-b, 

b-f,    s-b,     t-dh,    ch-z,    f-dh,     sh-v,    k-f,     s-k,     f-t,     p-v,  s-^i 

d-dh,     j-s,      f-v,      sh-z,     v-f,     k-sh,     f-ch,     p-th,      sh-p,  t-s, 
p-sh,     f-sh,     s-s,     g-v,     g-sh,      f-j,     b-th,     sh-b,     t-z,     b-sh, 

f-th,    s-z,    k-th,     sh-k,     th-t,    p-dh,    sh-d,    d-s,     ch-sh,  d-z, 
j-sh,    v-sh,     s-v,    f-f,     th-th,    s-s,    sh-sh,     v-v,    dh-dh. 

c.  Irregular  Stems. — L  is  written  upward,  when  stand- 
ing alone,  and  in  most  other  cases.     Rules  will  hereafter  be 
given  for  striking  it  downward  under  some  circumstances.     Ar, 
Way,  and  Yay  are  struck  downward.     M,  N,  Ing,  and  Hay  are 
struck  from  left  to  right.     Ray,  which  is  a  duplicate  for  R,  is 
always  struck  upward,  and  is  more  inclined  than  Chay.     (Lines 
6-14.) 

WRITING  EXERCISE. 

L-p,  p-1,  1-t,  t-1,  1-ch,  ch-1,  1-k,  k-1,  1-b,  b-1,  1-d, 
d-1,  1-j,  j-1,  1-g,  g-1,  1-f,  f-1,  1-v,  v-1,  1-th,  th-1,  1-s, 
s-1,  1-z,  z-1.  P-m,  m-b,  t-m,  m-d,  ch-m,  m-j,  k-m, 
m-k,  g-m,  m-g,  m-n,  n-m,  m-1,  1-m,  n-1,  1-n,  1-ng. 
(Use  Ar.)  P-r,  r-p,  t-r,  d-r,  ch-r,  r-m,  1-r,  r-1,  r-sh, 
sh-r.  W-k,  w-1,  w-r.  Y-l,  y-k.  ( Use  Ray,  for  Italic 
letters.)  B-ch,  ch-r,  r-r,  r-p,  ch=p,  r-k,  k-r,  p-r,  p-ch, 
p-r,  r-d,  ch-d,  b-r,  b-ch,  f-r,  f-ch,  f-r,  t  m-r,  m-ch, 
n-r,  n-ch,  ?'-n  ch-n,  r-sh,  sh-r,  r-z,  z-r,  z-r. 


CONSONANTS. 


REGULAR  STRAIGHT  STEMS. 
Pee\     Bee\       Tee!      Dec  I       Chay  /    Jay/    Kay  Gay 

L  /    |-\ 


\    / 


U 

-1    L. 


REGULAR   CURVED  STEMS. 

Veo  ^     Itli  (        Dhe  (       Es  /'      X^e   )      Ish  -J    Zhc 
\  J       I         /        i          /          ^ 


IRREGULAR    STEMS. 


r  .  V 


VOWELS. 

Sec.  4.  There  are  sixteen  vowel  sounds  provided  for  in 
Phonetic  Shorthand,  and  these  are  divided  into  three  classes, 
namely :  1.  Long  Vowels  ;  2.  Short  Vowels  ;  3.  Diphthongs. 
Long  vowels  are  indicated  by  a  heavy  dot  or  dash,  placed  at  the 
beginning,  middle,  or  end  of  a  consonant  stem  ;  short  vowels, 
by  a  light  dot  or  dash  similarly  placed  ;  diphthongs,  by  com- 
pound characters,  placed  at  the  beginning  or  end  of  a  stem.  The 
vowel  signs  are  called  first-,  second-,  or  third-place,  accord- 
ing to  the  positions  they  thus  occupy.  If  placed  at  the  left  of 
any  upright  or  inclined  stem,  or  above  a  horizontal  stem,  a 
vowel  sign  is  read  before  the  stem ;  if  placed  at  the  right  of 
an  upright  or  inclined  stem,  or  below  a  horizontal  stem,  it  is 
read  after  the  stem.  When  vowels  are  inserted  in  an  outline, 
it  is  said  to  be  vocalized.  * 

a.  Long  Vowels. — These  are  indicated  by  heavy  dots  or 
dashes,  placed  near  the  stem,  in  the  positions  above  described. 
Dash  vowels  are  struck  at  right  angles  with  the  stem,  but  must 
not  be  allowed  to  touch  it.     The  sound  of  a,  as  in  fair,  dare,  is 
indicated  by  the  second-place  heavy  dot.     (See  lines  1-3.) 

b.  Positions  of  Words.— Few  vowels  are  used  by  report- 
ers, but  the  leading  or  accented  vowel  is  indicated  by  the  posi- 
tion in  which  the  outline  is  written. 

1.  When  the  accented  vowel  is  a  first-place  vowel,  the  first 
upright  or  inclined  stem  of  the  outline  is  written  above  the  line. 
(Lines  4-6-) 

2.  When  the  accented  vowel  is  second-place,  such  stem  is 
written  on  the  line.     (Lines  7-9.} 

3.  When  the  accented  vowel  is  third-place,  such  stem  is 
written  through  the  line.    (Lines  10-12.) 

If  the  outline  contain  horizontal  stems  only,  it  is  written 
above  the  line,  on  the  line,  or  below  the  line,  in  like  accordance 
with  the  position  of  its  accented  vowel.  (Lines  13-14. ) 

*  Writing  exercises  under  this  section,  will  be  found  on  page  73,  post. 


VOWELS. 


EE 


LONG  VOWELS, 
AH  ATV"" 


O  - 


OO 


2  ^     "7-  "^    TN  ^~     /^    ..^  __£!._    ^  __../r, 

.         -..--_..-.  ,   -X >i_!^_...  ^  .  /'I 

3  X      -I      1...H  .    / -  -L  ^L^<    * 

5  I_l^^_5=ljL_&L 

0u^(L\_^L^^ 

7    \       I"    /     -A     /C     (-     \     \   -|      \     -(      k     \ 

101       \          )\        \        )       ^\       /r~i\ 

l_     \;-— ^/ \;    -^— -_y ij>  -f      —\^ 

11.. 
12_ 

15  _!s___ll-  -^—  '\ .....L»^ 

is  \    S    \    Y ^  ^\  ^  O   /c\  Vx"  /TI 

"•   ^r^  "|7  v^_ 


8  VOWELS. 

c.  Short  Vowels. — These  are  indicated  by  light  dots  and 
dashes.     The  difference  in  the  sizes  of  the  long  and  short  vowels 
should  be  distinct,  but  without  making  the  former  so  heavy  as 
to  detract  from  the  beauty  of  the  writing.    The  sound  of  e,  as  in 
mercy,  is  indicated  by  the  second-place  light  dot.     (Lines  1-5. ) 

d.  Vowels  between  Consonants. — When  a  vowel  occurs 
between  two  stems,  observe  the  following  rules  : 

1.  First-place  vowels  are  written  after  the  first  stem. 

2.  Second-place  long  vowels  (3,  <5)  are  written  after  the 
first  stem. 

3.  Second-place  short  vowels  (8,  u)  are  written  before  the 
second  stem. 

4.  Third-place  vowels  are  written  before  the  second  stem. 
Notice  carefully  the  illustrations  of  each  of  these  rules,  in 

lines  1  to  8.    See,  also,  Diagram  of  Vowels,  p.  71. 

e.  Diphthongs. — These  signs  should  be  accurately  made, 
and  should  never  be  inclined  from  the  perpendicular.     The 
character  for  I,  in  words  containing  more  than  one  stem,  may 
be  written  in  either  the  first  or  third  place,  but  it  is  always 
to  be  considered  as  first-place  when  the  position  of  an  outline 
depends  upon  it.     (Lines  9-12. ) 

f .  A  small  tick,  joined  to  one  of  these  signs,  indicates  that 
another  vowel  sound  follows  the  diphthong.     (Line  13.) 

g.  When  two  vowels  occur  between  two  stems,  one  of  them 
may  be  written  to  each  ;  or  both  vowels  may  be  indicated  by  an 
acute  angle,  inclined  in  the  direction  of  Chay,  written  in  the 
place  of  the  first  of  the  two  vowels.     This  angle  opens  upward 
if  the  first  one  be  a  dot  vowel,  and  downward  if  it  be  a  dash 
vowel.     The   down-stroke  of  the  angle  is  shaded,  if  the  first 
vowel  to  be  indicated  be  long.    (Line  14.) 

h.  When  two  vowels  are  written  to  the  same  stem,  the  one 
pronounced  nearest  the  stem  is  placed  somewhat  nearer  it  than 
the  other.  (Line  15.) 

i.  When  a  word  begins  with  I  or  Oi,the  diphthong  sign  may 
often  be  joined  to  the  stem.  The  signs  for  I,  Ow,  and  Ew,  may 
sometimes  be  joined  to  a  stem  at  the  end  of  a  word.  (Line  15. ) 


VOWELS. 


SHORT  VOWELS. 
E  •  A  6  "|  U   -|          00 


Si 

3^ t b 

4  ..<^I    /  .... — 1 

e^i  -^ 

DIPHTHONGS. 

VI  A I 

I  OI  O\V 

N^    -A  ~y~ j —  | 

IA    V     /A       /     I-       ^^y 

10  J \' ^....L..^: 

1 1  _j^. ^_.__™._J^x_..zpL_^^__^__y__-: 

/)    ' 

If  /V   1  /^f  ^« 

14    v»        M      V-'    "^ 


15 


10  RULES   FOR   L,    R,   AND  SH. 

j.  W  and  Y  are  often  conveniently  indicated  by  small  semi- 
circles prefixed  to  a  stem.  The  semi-circle  for  W  may  open 
either  to  the  right  or  left ;  that  for  Y,  either  upward  or  down- 
ward. They  should  be  written  in  such  direction  as  to  make  a 
distinct  angle  with  the  stem,  and  vowels  may  be  placed  to  the 
stem  in  the  same  manner  as  if  the  semi-circle  were  not  used. 
( Lines  1,8.) 

RULES  FOR  WRITING   L,  R,   AND  SH. 

Sec.  5.  When  the  stems  representing  L,  R,  and  Sh,  are 
written  upward,  they  are  named  Lay,  Ray  and  Shay,  respect- 
ively ;  when  written  downward,  they  are  named  El,  Ar,  and 
Ish.  The  following  rules  are  to  be  observed,  in  forming  out- 
lines containing  these  stems  : 

a.  When  L  is  the  only  consonant  stem  in  a  word,  Lay  is 
used.     (LineS.} 

b.  When  L  is  the  first  consonant  in  an  outline  containing 
other  stems,  El  is  used  if  preceded  by  a  vowel ;  and  Lay,   if 
not.     (Line  4-) 

c.  When  L  is  the  last  consonant  represented  by  a  stem,  in 
an  outline  containing  other  stems,  Lay  is  used  if  followed  by  a 
vowel ;  and  El,  if  not.     (Line  5.) 

d.  When  R  is  the  first  or  only  stem  in  a  word,  Ar  is 
used  if  a  vowel  precede  it ;  and  Ray,  if  not.     (Line  6.) 

e.  When  R  is  the  last  consonant  represented  by  a  stem,  in 
an  outline  containing  other  stems,  Ray  is  used  if  followed  by  a 
vowel ;  and  Ar,  if  not.     (Line  7. ) 

f .  When  Sh  begins  an  outline,  or  when  it  is  the  only  con- 
sonant stem  in  a  word,  Ish  is  used.     (Line  8.) 

g.  When  Sh  is  the  last  consonant,  in  an  outline  contain- 
ing other  stems,  Shay  is  used  if  followed  by  a  vowel ;  and  Ish, 
if  not.     (Line  9.) 

Make  the  following  exceptions  to  the  foregoing  rules : 
h.    Lay  is  used  before  P,  B,  T,  D,  F,  V,  Th,  Dh,  Sh,  Zh, 
Lay,  Y,  and  Ray  ;  and  after  S,  Z,  Sh,  Zh,  Lay,  R,  M,  W,  and 
Y.     El  is  usually  employed  after  N  and  Ng.     (Lines  10, 11. } 

i.  Ray  is  used  before  T,  D,  Ch,  J,  Th,  Dh,  F,  and  V ;  and 
after  Th,  Dh,  M,  and  H.  Ar  is  used  before  M  and  H.  (Line  12.) 


RULES  FOR  L.  R.  AND  SH. 


11 


2    ./\  .......  V  .........  ^T  _  .....  V_ 

-[—  r  ) 

3  §5  .......  (C^^/f  / 


-__  1- 


r 


.  xr.._  oo.-.x?  .....  (i,/C\ 
-t^—  ; 

; 


..:v... 


9\>-^ ^~l^ -\^— ~N 


11 
12 
13. 
14 


S' ^ 


f; Vr_    u 
X/    V:.. 


16V   ^  V       V    V,x    > 


is  7~ 


—  ,   '  «  lv 

' k; •} t^-S 

--A-^ ^-^ 


THE    ASPIRATE. 

Sec.  6.  The  stem  x— s  is  seldom  used,  but  the  sound  of  H  is 
usually  indicated  in  one  of  the  following  ways :  1.  By  a 
small  dot  opposite  a  vowel  sign  ;  2.  By  a  light  tick  '  struck 
in  the  direction  of  Chay,  whenever  it  will  make  an  acute 
angle  with  the  succeeding  stem  ;  3.  By  writing  a  dash  vowel 
parallel  with  the  stem.  (Lines  1-3.) 

a.  For  the  sound  of  Wh  (pronounced  hw),  the  tick 
may  be  shaded,  or  it  may  be  prefixed  to  the  stem  or  semi- 
circle W.  (Line  4-) 

WORD-SIGNS   AND  CONTRACTIONS. 

Sec.  7.  Abbreviated  forms,  called  word-signs  and  contrac- 
tions,are  used  for  words  of  very  frequent  occurrence.  A  word-sign 
may  be  either  a  vowel  sign,  a  circle,  or  a  loop,  or  a  simple 
stem.  A  contraction  is  formed  of  more  than  one  stem,  or  of 
a  single  stem  having  some  attachment  (as  a  circle,  or  hook), 
the  whole  sign  indicating  some  prominent  portion  of  the  word 
represented  by  it.  These  abbreviated  forms  are  written  in 
various  positions,  generally  dependent  upon  the  position  of  the 
accented  vowel  of  the  word.  In  some  instances,  two  or  more 
words  are  represented  by  the  same  sign,  but  when  written  in 
a  sentence  the  context  will  invariably  determine  which  word 
is  intended.  (Lines  5-12.} 

igir  Write  Exercises  J.,  J/.,  and  177. ,  of  the  Speed-Book. 

a.  Phrasing. — Two  or  more  word-signs,  if  closely  related 
in  sense,  may  be  joined  in  a  phrase-sign.     The  first  stem  of  the 
phrase  is  generally  written  in  its  usual  position,  the  others 
following  it  without  lifting  the  pen.     (Line  1%.  ) 

KEY  TO  LINE  12.—  Before-that.  It-was.  Shall-come.  They-do. 
Do-they.  Which-can.  Or-that.  Which-was.  Can-do.  That-was.  Was-that. 
It-was-no. 

b.  Small  ticks,  one-fourth  the  length  of  a  stem,  are  used 
for  certain  words,  and  they  are  named,  from  the  stems  they 
resemble,  the  P-tick,  T-tick,  Chay-tick,  Hay-tick,  etc. 

I. — Use  the  P-  or  Ray-tick  for  I,  before  any  stem  except  Ar 
and  Way;  and  before  those  stems  use  the  T-tick  only.  In  the 

12 


THE  ASPIRATE  —  WORD-SIGNS. 


1  §6  ^_| L    /  ....  (_ ^ ~--d--~ 

*     I  • 

WORD-SIGNS. 

The ..'.....  A  .An,  Ami  .    All  .N....Too.Two  x   Who/   I,IIigh  *__  On  '._.  He..7. 
Put..\..     Before  \     What,0ught  j___  At,Tt,Take    I       Out,To,Took     I 

Did.].    Do  |     Had  I Watch.Eaoh  ./...Which.Cliauge  /  Come, Came  _ 

Can.^  .     Give-n   ~    l..lf^r_  ForV_    Of.Livc  >:.    Have  ..^    With..' 

They  (        That/ Was   )      As.Has    -) She,  Wish  .r^    ..Shall 

Should.,    i    Will, Well   C  Hear,IIere,From   1..    Were"^    Our,llour  ...TX.. 

Or  r^..  Their,There—~'"       In. Any  ^.....  You-r..-/^ We, Why. ..J... 

Away.  Would ..rs ... .  Ilim.^       When ^-v  How 

1  s^^**^ 

5  /      )       v^  )        "^      \      i 

i  _]   ""v:: 

6  '  -V-     r...r..- C LJ......  \  _f_  -...' 

—  -I -f-  I 

"^  £ I  /         ^ 

"     ~r  -,- , ^  (   _  _^. 

(        ^       — 


12 


14  PHRASING — SMALL  CIRCLE  FOR  S  AND  Z. 

middle,  or  at  the  end  of  a  phrase-sign,  Jis  always  indicated  by 
the  T-tick.  ( See  lines  1-3. ) 

HE. — Use  the  Chay-tick  only,  for  He,  at  the  beginning  of  a 
phrase.  In  other  places,  use  any  inclined  tick  that  will  make  a 
sharp  angle  with  the  stem.  (See  lines 4,  5.) 

THE. — Use  the  Chay-  or  Ray- tick  for  The,  before  or  after 
another  word ;  except  that  the  P-tick  may  be  used  after  a  stem 
wherever  it  will  make  a  better  angle.  (See  lines  6-9.) 

A,  AN,  AND. — Use  the  Kay-tick  for  these  words, wherever 
it  will  make  a  distinct  angle.  In  other  cases,  use  the  T-tick. 
(See  lines  10,  11.} 

\Vrite  and  a,  and  an  -,  ,  and  tlie,  and  lie  -^  ,  on  a  f-  ,  on  tfte  _^_. 

ll^See  further  explanations  of  the  ticks,  page  77,  post. 

c.  Where  two  different  tick's  are  provided  for  either  of  the 
above  words,  that  one  should^be  used  which  will  make  the  most 
distinct  angle  with  the  word-sign  to  which  it  is  attached,  and  a 
tick  cannot  be  used  where  it  will  not  make  a  distinct  angle. 

SMALL    CIRCLE   FOR    S    AND    Z. 

Sec,  8.  S  is  most  frequently  represented  by  a  small 
circle,  initial  or  final,  named  Iss,  written  on  the  right  side 
of  an  upright  or  inclined  straight  stem  (except  Ray),  on  the 
upper  side  of  Ray,  Kay,  and  Gay ;  and  on  the  inner  side  of 
curved  stems.  The  sound  of  Z  may  also  be  represented  by  the 
small  final  circle. 

a.  Between  two  straight   stems  which   form  an  angle,  a 
circle  is  written  outside  the  angle.      If  one  or  both  stems  be 
curved,  the  circle  is  written  within  the  curve.  (Lines  12,  13.) 

b.  An  initial  circle  is  always  read  before  the  stem,  and 
before  any  vowels  written  to  the  stem.     A  final  circle  is  always 
read  after  the  stem,  and  after  all  vowels  written  to  the  stem. 
When  the  tick  for  H,  or  for  Wh,  is  written  before  an  initial 
circle,  a  vowel  sound  is  always  to  be  understood  as  occurring 
between  the  tick  and  the  circle^  The  particular  vowel  will  be 
sufficiently  indicated,  if  the  outline  is  written  in  its  proper 
positipn.     (Lines  13-18.) 

^°  Write  Exercise  IV.  of  the  Speed-Book. 


PHRASING  -SMALL,   CIRCLE  FOR  S  AND  Z. 


1  I. 

2 

3 
4 


6    Th,.      \'  \      A        1-     1 

V 

- 


- 


10   A.An.An.l.    A      1    _J. 


12§8 

13  r^ 


15 
10 
17 
18 


-c  ..3 


\ 


_\ \     _VT 

I"  /'       T 


..1_  -f 


:t 


Q O         Q D 


16  -.  SMALL    CIRCLE    FOR  S  AND  Z. 

c.  When  a  vowel  precedes  S  or  Z,  at  the  beginning  of  a 
word,  and  when  a  word  ends  with  S  or  Z  followed  by  a  vowel, 
the  stem  must  be  used.     The  stem  must  also  be  used  when  S  or 
Z  is  the  only  consonant  in  a  word,  and  when  two  vowels  occur 
between  S  or  Z  and  a  preceding  or  succeeding  stem.     (Lines  1-3. ) 

d.  When  a  singular  noun  ends  with  a  stem  S  or  Z,  the 
circle  is  added  to  form  the  plural  number  or  the  possessive 
case  ;  also,  to  form  the  third  person,  singular,  of  a  regular  verb 
ending  with  either  of  these  stems.  (Compare  Sec.  9,  a.)  The  cir- 
cle may  also  be  added  to  a  word  sign,  for  the  same  purpose. 
(Line  4-} 

e.  If  a    circle    occurs    between    two    stems,    vowels    are 
necessarily  written  to  the   stem    with  which   they  are   pro- 
nounced.    (Lines  5,  6.) 

f .  When  Z  is  the  first  consonant  in  a  word,  the  stem  must 
be  used.     (Line  7.) 

g.  A  small  hook  may  be  made  on   the  back  of  a  stem 
ending  with  a  circle,  to  indicate  the  sound  of  N  following  that 
of  S ;  and  another  circle  may  be  written  within  the  hook  for  a 
finals.     (Lines  8,  9.) 

h.  The  circle  is  sometimes  used  for  Sh,  and  with  the  back- 
hook  forms  the  termination  Tion,  as  is  more  fully  explained  in 
section  22. 

i.  If  R  is  the  only  stem  in  a  word,  and  it  is  preceded  and 
followed  by  vowels,  and  also  preceded  by  a  circle  or  loop,  Ray 
is  used.  Ray  is  also  used  when  R  is  preceded  by  a  circle  or  loop 
and  followed  by  a  downward  stem.  (See  Sec.  10.)  (Line  10.) 

j.  Phrasing. — 7s,  His,  As,  Has,  Us,  or  Say,  is  added  to 
another  word  by  the  small  circle.  (Line  11. ) 

k.  Is,  His,  As,  or  Has,  is  prefixed  to  another  word  by 
the  small  circle.  When  thus  used,  Is  and  His  aiv  always 
written  above  the  line,  and  As  and  Has  on  the  line.  (Line  12.) 

KEY  TO  LINES  11  Avp  12. — All-is.  Who-is.  He-is.  He-has.  Beforo-his. 
What -is.  Had-his.  Which-has.  For-us.  Above-us.  With-us.  From-liis. 
There-is. 

Is-he.  Has-he.  As-if.  As-though.  As-was.  As-shall.  As-will.  As- 
you.  As-we.  Is-so.  Is-without.  His-own. 


SMALL   CItiCLE   FOR    S    AND   Z.                                    17 

<v        -)•      '\^i       \             \           \~  '        1         \         '<v         V~\ 

--;)••-— 

/           —.-  ^  -  --(_;.---                .1^: 

«4-_ 

A)'    X)'                   X)    ~r)'    SO!  •     x)'    l- 

)'             v                          ) 

3    ') 

)"  -  "^  -J---^.-^  *-JLr  i--^--^-  ") 

4-     ^ 

yl-  $-}  -^  lr~  -i-^^ 

6  t- 

J  ..£„  li,     AN     *^_..5[>..  ..^....  ^.  ..^  ..<4r.  /^ 

t._.R_U-_t      JT      b^^b. 

8     ^ 

1                                             V 

^o      k      4,'      si"    ^      i                \       r      ^s     sr*^ 

i        ""V                ""<H»"              ~Td>"  " 

9   JE  

V            Jr          /                J>               >             ^<6         ^_^          ^®         ^^ 

/(/ 

10    <•"* 

f                 ?Q                                                         O'^    \O              <-^^^^_             &^f        1°               ^/             ^/ 

iSf     i-rV 

WORD-SIGNS. 

His,  Is  ° 

...  Upon,  Property  .^        ...  Up,  Hope  \         Be,  Bv.  Buv  \ 

Talk,  Between..'  Charge,  Much  .f—  After  .  .(_.  Above    ^....Ever,Heavy  ^ 

Thought 

1  They,  Though  (      House    )  While    C....Where,Her4 

Me,  My, 

Time  .....May  -^      Am...  Know,  No   ^_^,     Without  J 

Whether  ^N     Among  ,  „ 

V 

t,      6            V     1            /      l             4   ^    ^> 

6        b             \>                         I             ()              Vo            1                                x^ 

12....!°  

b                                         Vo 

-0-  ^--f-  Y"-^---^--/*  ?\-- 

13      ^ 

)     \    NX  —  '    1-     ^             /           ^— 

,       _^_ 

*.      / 

*~          i     "^             ^           ^-O'l            "> 

2 

LARGE   CIRCLE   FOR    SES   AND   SEZ. 

Sec.  9.  A  large  circle,  called  Ses,  indicates  that  syllable 
or  any  similar  one.  It  is  written  on  the  same  side  of  a  stem  as 
the  Iss-circle.  It  may  be  vocalized  by  writing  a  vowel  sign 
within  it,  and,  if  desired,  the  exact  vowel  may  be  indicated 
by  placing  the  sign  in  the  upper,  middle,  or  lower  part  of  the 
circle.  (Line  1.) 

a.  The  plural  number,  or  the  possessive  case  of  a  noun 
ending    with    Iss,     is    indicated    by    enlarging     the    circle. 
The  third  person,   singular,  of  a   regular  verb    ending  with 
Iss,  is  indicated  in    the    same    manner.     (Compare  Sec.  8,  d.) 
(Line  2.} 

b.  A  small  circle  may  be  written  within  a  final  large 
circle,  for  the  additional  sound  of  S.     (Line  3.) 

c.  Phrasing. — Is  his,  As  has,  and  similar  phrases,  are  pre- 
fixed or  added  to  a  word-sign  by  the  large  circle,  Is  his  being 
written  above  the  line,  and    As   has  on   the  line,  when  used 
initially.     Is  or  As  is  prefixed  to  an  initial  Iss-circle,  or  added 
to  a  final  one,  by  enlarging  the  circle.     (Line  4- ) 

KEY  TO  LINE  4.  It-is-his.  What-is-his.  Which-is-his.  Before-his-is. 
If-his-is.  For-as-is.  It-is-as-large.  Is-said.  Is-supposed.  Is-such.  As-such 

Hg"  Write  Exercise  V.  of  the  Speed-Book. 

LOOPS   FOR    ST    AND   SIR. 

Sec.  10.  Iss  is  changed  into  a  short  loop,  to  indicate  the 
sound  of  St ;  and  by  widening  and  lengthening  the  loop,  Str  is 
indicated.  The  Str-loop  is  not  used  initially. 

a.  The  Strloop  is  less  than  half  the  length  of  a  stem  ;  the 
Str-loop  extends  to  the  middle  of  a  stem.    (Lines  5-10.} 

b.  A  final  circle  is  added  to  either  loop  for  S.     A  hook 
on  the  back  of  a  stem,  after  a  loop,  indicates  N  or  Ng.  and 
a  final  Iss-circle  may  be  written  within  the  back-hook.     (Lines 
11,  12.} 

c.  An  initial  loop  is  read  before  the  stem,  and  before  any 
vowel  written  to  the  stem.     A  final  loop  is  read  after  the  stem, 
and  after  all  vowels  written  to  the  stem. 


SES  AND  SEZ— LOOPS  FOR  ST  AND  STR.         19 

§9     G    r\    -N?  ±L  .-ML 

.V 

<"&  oJ  '^Q      Sf. 

x-n        Q<*  'v 

J^H- ^  •• 


4  b  V  Jo   f 

5  §10..:  .....  *  ......  \  -p  .......  p.  .....  -f  -f  ..   .  /. 

x  A'  -I 


V  V  K..1  .....  t  I-  I-  /•  / 


\ 


9   *  ...;..:....::.:....  ^    *    /c  ._>„. 

10  x^  ...\^.-  ^  /s  ..-.^ 

11  \>     V     4,-     i-    ^  .     ...Vb 

\'         V"          J  <r         F*  / 

12      <^>        ^>        "r  ....        ..1 ^f     9' 

WORD-SIGNS. 

P'irst  ^7    Is  there As  there.      ...Part-j--^— .  About  -V—  Objec 

Large, Advantage.  /._Common,  AVeek..T7...Conipany Ago,  Together. 

Fonn_Sr....Aguin.st Worth,  Oath,  Month     (      Whole...^:.-     Usual-] y  J 

Recollect-€d   S*    Long, Think, Thing -You  are-xfr.. 

U     /     » — y     <-i      \  ^^f     --.„•      o    «-     i   " 

14...    .../..-  fe      )  /...  x— ^...  ..0       % 


....... 


20  "COMBINATIONS  OF   CONSONANTS—  THE   R-HOOK. 

d.  A  final  circle  or  loop  may  be  shaded,  to  distinguish  Z 
from  S.     (Line  1.) 

e.  Phrasing. — The  small   loop  adds   to  a  word-sign  the 
words  Is  it,  Is  tlie,  As  it,   As  tlie,  Has  it,  Has  the,  or   First. 
The  verb  State  may  also  be  prefixed  or  added  to  a  word-sign 
by  this  loop.     When  a  word  ends  with  the  Iss-circle,  the  word 
It  or  The  may  be  added,  by  changing  the  circle  to  a  loop.     In 
the  same  manner,  the  word  Their  or  There  may  be  indicated  by 
the  use  of  the  large  loop.     (Line  2. ) 

KEY  TO  LINE  2.— What-is-it.  What-is-there.  It-is-the.  It-is-tbere. 
Does-it.  Does-their.  Which-is-the.  \Vhich-is-their.  At-first.  State-what. 
State-whether.  State- where.  You-state. 

Igi"  Write  Exercises  VI.  and  VII.  of  the  Speed-Book. 

COMBINATIONS    OF    CONSONANTS. 

Sec.  1 1 .  Certain  combinations  of  consonants  are  of  frequent 
occurrence,  and  they  are  represented  by  attaching,  a  hook  to  the 
stem  indicating  the  first  sound  in  such  combinations.  With 
respect  to  these  hooks,  the  following  rules  must  be  carefully 
observed  : 

a.  Initial  hooks  are  read  AFTER  the  stem  to  which  they 
are  attached,  and  AFTER  all  vowels  written  before  the  stem ; 
but  BEFORE  any  vowels  written  after  the  stem,  and  BEFORE 
any  final  hook,  circle,  or  loop. 

b.  Final  hooks  are  read  AFTER  the  stem  to  which  they 
are  attached,   and    AFTER    all    vowels    or  initial  hooks,    but 
BEFORE  a  final  circle. 

INITIAL    HOOK    FOR    R. 

Sec.  12.  A  small  initial  hook,  on  the  LEFT  side  of  any 
upright  or  inclined  straight  stem  except  Bay  ;  on  the  LOWER 
side  of  Ray.  Kay,  and  Gay  ;  or  on  the  inner  side  of  a  curved 
stem  ;  indicates  that  the  sound  of  R  occurs  immediately  after 
the  stem. 

a.  The  consonants  thus  combined  are  named  Per,  Ber. 
etc.,  and  vowels  may  be  written  before  or  after  them  in  the 
same  manner  as  to  simple  stems.  (Lines  3-11.) 


INITIAL    HOOK  FOR  R. 


21 


2 t L  (>    b    i    b  /  /  i  JL  ^ 

1*          „  OV  1A1 

8§12-A-^  -VAc 1' t- 

1v  n* 

c__  T^     ^-     Qi 

i     ......  «r^—  ..-. — — 

(X  "1  (l  ~'1  1  1  •?  •J 

5...^.....^L..     ^    -J "I    0....-.L.     "1        -I        /       / 

\ 

^—           o    T    T    "C    x9     r   .r    -A    c 
e r^-     ^  ...\— :.V.    Ji.  y  ..-.L C  .>.... 

A    <^\*..s^\....r^___.£^. 

z — 

R-HOOK    CONTRACTIONS. 

Appear,  Proper...... Upper    \       Practice  ..A.....     Re-member      \ 

Brother,  Number...!^....  Truth          True  ...0 Dear...] Doctor     1 

During,  Dark  ...^ Adjourn-ed     ?    Jury,  Larger  ._.!__ Decree  ..517 

Care,  Occur     c —     Cure,  Car Degree,  Agree  ...":.. Over  ..Sr 

Every.  Wry    ^.        Railroad    c        Lawyer __£_ Mere,  Remark   ^ 

Near,  Xor  ^1...  Manner   ^_^    Longer "Work  ^      Yo'unger     (~~ 

Measure    _}         Pleasure       o 


22  THE  R-HOOK— THE  L-HOOK. 

b.  When  R  is  the  last  of  two  or  more  consonants  in  an 
outline,  and  is  immediately  preceded  and  followed  by  vowels, 
the  stem  must  be  used  ;  also,  when  R  is  the  last  sound  in  a  word 
and  two  vowels  occur  between  it  and  a  preceding  stem ;  and 
generally  when  a  long  vowel  precedes  the  sound  of  R.  (Lines  1-3. ) 

c.  Words  ending  with  -rer,  may  be  distinguished  from  those 
ending  with  -rier,  by  writing  the  former  with  Ar  and  the  latter 
with  Ray.     (Line  4-} 

d.  Phrasing. — The  R-hook  adds  to  a/ word-sign  the  word 
Or,   Were,  or  Her.    (Line  5.)  I 

KEY  TO  LINE  5. — Two-or-three.  "When-op^where.  What-were-they. 
They-were.  You-were.  We-were.  Where-were.  Which-were.  There- 
were.  For-her  With-her.  When-her. 

glT  Write  Exercise  VIII.  of  the  Speed-Book. 
INITIAL    HOOK    FOR    L. 

Sec.  13.  A  small  initial  hook,  on  the  RIGHT  side  of  any 
upright  or  inclined  straight  stem  except  Ray  ;  or  on  the 
UPPER  side  of  Ray,  Kay,  or  Gay  ;  indicates  that  the  sound  of  L 
occurs  immediately  after  the  stem.  (Line  6.) 

a.  A  short,  broad  initial  hook,  on  the  inner  side  of  curved 
stems,  adds  the  sound  of  L  in  like  manner.     (Line  7.) 

b.  The  consonants  thus  combined  are  named  Pel,  Bel,  etc., 
and  vowels  are  written  before  and  after   them  in  the  same 
manner  as  to  simple  stems.     (Lines  6-9.) 

c.  When  L  is  the  last  of  two  or  more  consonants  in  an 
outline,  and  is  immediately  preceded  and  followed  by  vowels, 
the  stem  must  be  used ;  also,  when  L  is  the  last  sound  in  a 
word  and  two  vowels  occur  between  it  and  a  preceding  stem ; 
and  generally  when  a  long  vowel  precedes  the  sound  of  L. 
(Lines  10-12.} 

d.  Words  ending  with  -rl  may  be  distinguished  from  those 
ending  with  -ril,  -rel,  -rol,  etc.,  by  writing  the  former  with  Ar 
and  the  latter  with  Ray.     (Line  13.) 

e.  Phrasing. — The  L-hook  adds  to  a  word-sign  the  word 
All,  Will,  or  Well.    (Line  14.) 

KEY  TO  LINE  14.— Upon-all.  About-all.  At-all.  For-all.  Of- AH. 
With-all.  In-all.  It-will.  They-will.  So-will.  She-will.  We-will. 
As- well. 

Igg'  Write  Exercise  IX.  of  the  Speed-Book. 


THE  R-HOOK — THE  L-HOOK. 


23 


i-^i^-M,  v  -K  ^..^....x/.Sx 

2 

3 

4 

J 

5  ...." <r-v.      J. C    .../r?.....^.._.    ^       /       ^      ^.      C 

C        "       ( 

6  §13 -\,     V    .^...Ji:__.e_      <-.    .^...^.A  ...|L 

7 ^       C..    '^       JL      -C      "^       ^        C^      J>-    ^      V 

j-    r  * 

8--^ L tf 

9...^ _^_  ^    ..:  _    ^ 

io.-^5r.....K.xr.....'N^<r...x  ^    ,  ^  i^-  ir 

11 

12 

13 

•;      -     ~.^- 

L-HOOK    CONTRACTIONS. 

Comply  _L..  Comi)el,  People   *\    Apply,  c...  Belonged  A...  Belief-ve-d   S 
Tall  1     .    Tell,  Till    f       Deliver-ed-y      f       Children    /       Angel     / 

Largely/: Call,  Equal  _!Z~.._ Claim-eel  c Clerk...  ....  FUl.Sr...  Fell  ^. 

F"l]-y    (^...  Value.  Q......  Rely, Real-ly    .CT^.... Kail,  Roll  c/  Rule  _.___,?_ 

Wealth-y^    Declarenl  J        Disclaim-ed     i 

14-^    __V-    ^        ^     -^-C-  .\        ^      ^    .  ^ 


HOOKS  COMBINED  WITH  CIRCLES  AND  LOOPS. 

Sec.  14.  Iss  is  combined  with  the  R-hook,  by  changing 
the  hook  to  a  circle,  on  straight  stems,  and  by  writing  the 
circle  within  the  hook  on  curves.  If  the  R-hook  on  a  straight 
stem  be  changed  to  a  loop,  the  sound  of  St  is  indicated  as 
occurring  before  the  stem  and  hook.  (Lines  1-3.) 

a.  Iss  is  combined  with  the  L-hpok,  on  both  straight  and 
curved  stems,  by  writing  the  circle  within  the  hook.      (Line  4.) 

b.  When  combined  with  either  the  R-hook  or  the  L-hook, 
the  circle  is  read  first ;  a  vowel  before  the  stem,  next ;  *he  stem 
next ;  the  hook  next ;  and  a  vowel  after  the  stem  next. 

c.  Ses  is  never  written  within  a  hook  or  another  circle. 

d.  When  combinations  of  eircles  and  hooks  occur  in  the 
middle  of  a  word,  they  are  made  as  indicated  in  lines  5  to  7. 

(gf  Write  Exercise  X.  of  the  Speed- Book. 

VOCALIZATION  OF  INITIAL  HOOKS. 

Sec.  15.  When  vowels  occur  between  stems  and  their 
initial  hooks,  they  are  indicated  as  follows  :  Dot  vowels  are 
represented  by  small  circles,  written  in  the  position  of  the 
vowel,  before  the  stem  to  indicate  a  long  vowel,  and  after 
the  stem  to  indicate  a  short  vowel ;  and  dash  vowels  and 
diphthongs  are  struck  through  or  across  the  end  of  the  hooked 
stem,  in  their  proper  positions.  (Lines  8-10.) 

<gg°  Write  Exercises  XL  and  XII.  of  the  Speed-Book. 

FINAL  HOOK  FOR   N. 

Sec.  1 6.  A  small  final  hook,  on  the  R-hook  side  of  straight 
stems,  and  on  the  inner  side  of  curves,  indicates  an  added  N. 

a.  The  N-hook  is  always  read  after  the  stem  to  which  it  is 
attached,  and  after  any  vowel  or  initial  hook  written  to  the 
stem,  but  before  a  final  circle.     When  N  is  the  last  consonant 
sound  of  a  word  and  is  followed  by  a  vowel,  the  stem  is  used, 
and  not  the  hook.     (Lines  11-14-) 

b.  If  two  vowels  occur  between  N  and  a  preceding  stem, 
Athe  N-stem  must  be  used,    excepting  such  words  as  criterion, 

in  which  the  hook  is  used.     (Line  15.) 

24 


VOCALIZATION    OP   HOOKS— THE    N-HOOK.  1 

,  §M_l Sc  r.  i-  4 ^pA, x  J -i  -1--1 

P         P       /"      '<r^      ^_ x                "5— '         ?•       ^  -    t     .1" 
3      ^-_    .V      -V    if_ ^ix »  'N     *\ 

4   I     p    /»    .^......^z .^ L_  -^  '>__  ~F  <2-i_ 

.L..L,t\;i 

5?  '\o          7          ^    r 

g    CJ  IQ        ^  ^  .Var'o^i 

WORD^SIGNS. 

Ah.......  Awe,  Already Oh, Owe    i     How  _y.—  Occupy  .>.....  But..|... 

Dollar,  Differ-ed-ent-ence  .).....  Defendant  I  Adjoined  ./.Agent,  Age  / 
Ju'lii('-<l.y....Commit-ted-tee..TZI.-  Aeeompany-ied,  County  „__  Gave  — 
If,Wife  ...Sr  ..  Forget  V_  Thank,  Youth. _(— ..  Worthy  (  Whose. ...).. 

11  §16    •  _\  ..V..V    J-   S-    3-    3- JL-lJf 

*1  9       if *  *  •        ~"  V*  ^O  NO  V^>  V  ,C  VO 

/^ —  K    K     r    y 

15 -S^r.J^..J^..J^ 


26  FINAL  HOOK  FOR  N. 

c.  The  N-hook  on  a  straight  stem,  when,  changed  to  a 
small  circle,  indicates  Ns  or  Nz.     If  a  back  hook  be  added,  it 
indicates  Nsn,  and  a  circle  may  be  written  within  the  back- 
hook  for  a  final  S.     (Lines  1-3. ) 

d.  The  N-hook,  on  a  straight  stem,  when  changed  to  a  loop, 
indicates  Nst.     If  the  loop  be  lengthened  and  widened,  it  indi- 
cates Nstr.     A  circle  may  be  added  to  either  loop,  for  a  final 
S.     (Line  4.) 

e.  The  N-hook,  on  a  straight  stem,   changed  to  a  large 
circle,  indicates  N-ses  or  N-sez.     (Line  5.) 

f.  S  is  added  to  the  N-hook  on  curves,  by  writing  the 
circle  within  the  hook.     (Lines  6,  7.) 

g.  Phrasing. — The  N-hook  adds  to  a  word-sign  the  word 
An,  And,  Not,  Own,  or  TJian.     (Line 8.) 

KEY  TO  LINE  8.— About-an-hour.  Half-an-hour.  By-and-by.  Off-and- 
on.  You-and-I.  Did-not-know.  Cannot-be.  Have-not-known.  Our- 
own.  Their-own.  More-tban. 

N-HOOK  CONTRACTIONS. 

Puuish-cd-iuent.V-  Combine  .~ Bank  ..^..... Taken   J        At  once     J 

But  once.  I  ...Denominate-d.^... Religion ./....General-lyi/Imagine-ary.y.. 
Generalize  c/    Generalized    </     Contiuue-d  .77?...  Continual-ly  ....."TT^I 

Continuous "....Continuously Conuect-ed  __,Constitute-d  ... 

Constitution  77^ =.  Constable  — ^  Begin,  Organ  -TJ?.  Begun,  Again  — , 
Began. _  .  .Beginner %    Organize ...^  Organized...  3.  Organic    .; 
Forgotten^,  Financial-ly  IVJ—  Divine-ity.>9...Witliin  C.  Reference  X° 
Men.... Man  ^-i  Human .Opinion,  Any  one  J!     ....No  one    v_p 

None  ^_?  Lengthen  ^_?  Uniform-ity  s-_ 

C^_ 

NOTE.— The  N-Hook    may  be  used    before  K,  in  many   words, 
instead  of   the  Ng-stem,    as  shown    in  the  following  illustrations: 

\         \'        9s  \        «' 

Jrr...  \_     ^   ...<v V  ....  \        ^_    V_  .  c  .. 

\^       \i^       Ji^  \3_       ^— ? — 

$^  Write  Exercise  XIII.  of  the  Speed-Book. 


FINAL   HOOK   FOR   N. 


117 


r 


--V. 


-^  .nc=gr. 

\v    ' 


8  --^ 


9    These  ......  This  C    Those  .../;....  Also  /9    Into      |    Ask^  _  iBookX  _ 

-./?-  ..........  -^.....        ..............  c^    ^         I     vlx^T)/ 


1  0  ---./j/ 

1  1  4  ...  /: 

b 


13  | 

14  I 

15  >  ...!y___* :..„ 

// 

16  v_^  ..^^...y. 

17.  _^...^  ,....:) 

18. A Va     J -: 


\ 


J 


>  " 


FINAL  HOOK  FOR  F  AND  V. 

Sec.  17.  A  small  final  hook,  on  the  L-hook  side  of  a 
straight  stem,  or  a  lengthened  final  hook  on  the  inner  side  of  a 
curved  stem,  indicates  an  added  F  or  V.  (Lines  1-4.} 

a.  S  or  Z  is  added  to  the  F-hook  by  writing   the  circle 
within  the  hook.     (Line  5.) 

b.  The  F-hook  is  always  read  after  the  stem  to  which  it  is 
attached,  and  after  any  vowel  or  initial  hook,  but  before  a  final 
circle.     When  F  or  V  is  the  last  consonant  sound  of  a  word, 
and  is  followed  by  a  vowel,  the  stem  must  be  used. 

c.  Phrasing. — The  F-hook  adds  to  a  word-sign  the  word 
Have,  Of,  Ever,  or  Live.     (Line  6. ) 

d.  A  small  hook  within  the  F-hook  on  curves,  indicates 
N  or  Ng,  and  also  adds  the  word  Been,  in  phrasing.     (Line  G. ) 

KEY  TO  LINE  6.— It-will-have-been.  Oujrht-to-have-known.  To-have- 
known.  To-have-been.  There-have.  They-have.  You-have.  Part-of. 
Whlch-of- these.  Forever.  Have- ever.  It-may-have-been.  They-have- 
been. 

F-HOOK  CONTRACTIONS. 

Poverty-X....Perform-€d,  Hope  to  haveX      Part  of  ..\__Performam  . 
Subject ive-ly  \,  Whatever, Ought  to  lmvo.L.Deform-efl-ity.!'...Diflleult-y  I 
Develope       L      Advice,  Advise-d-..|.....Ol>jective-!y../ .....Suggestivp-ly  / 
Govern-ed =>  Government r*     Refer/'   Thoughtful. ..'-- 

V Write  Exercises  XIV.  and  XV.  of  the  Speed-Book. 
INITIAL  HOOK  FOR  Y. 

Sec.  1 8.  A  large  initial  hook,  on  the  R-hook  side  of 
straight  stems,  or  a  long  and  narrow  initial  hook  on  the  inner 
side  of  curves,  adds  the  consonant  sound  of  Y.  This  hook  is 
used  in  phrasing  only,  and  adds  to  a  word-sign  the  word  You, 
Tour,  You  are,  or  Year.  (Line  11.) 

a.  The  Y-semi-circle  may  indicate  the  same  words,  where 
the  hook'Cannot  be  conveniently  used.  (Line  11.) 

KEY  TO  LINE  11.— Do-you-not.  Did-you-ever.  Which-you-have.  If-you- 
will.  Have-you-seen.  Should-you-say.  May-you-not.  For-your-own. 
What-year.  What-were-you.  Where-were-you.  In-that-year. 

j^  Write  Exercise  XVI.  of  the  Speed- Book. 

28 


THE    F-V-IIOOK — THE   Y-HOOK. 


i  §i7...<w-.  \;  AlJ^ _Vr    l- 


^     &     rt_s* 


4  Js 

5 
6 

7 

, 

8  <; 

9  ( 

o 

10. 

11  §18 

12  x~ 

13  1 
14 

15 
16 


U  -  -  IX£  ---         '  ^-« 


i  '  ~ 

/•       x?  /p 

3    5     '•      /a.     6-  _ 

I  --    Y-—  •      •^£>- 

J 


/ 


6  - 


C     I 


• 


^ 


i  X? r: 

WORD-SIGNS. 


u.  a 


Issue _y..._They  are    X'  Are,  Recover-ed-y  ./.._.. Whom  Own.. 

Now  ^_^  Knew,  New  ....._._  Year,  Beyond  ..^..Nothing,    Length 
Young  r Along,  Language...       ... 


INITIAL  HOOK  FOR  W. 

Sec.  19.  A  large  initial  hook,  on  the  L-hook  side  of 
straight  stems  only,  adds  the  sound  of  W,  and  is  read  after  the 
stem  but  before  any  final  hook,  circle,  or  loop.  (Lines  1-3.) 

a.  Phrasing. — The  W-hook  adds  to  a  word-sign  the  word 
We,  Would,  What,  Whether,  Way,  or  Away.    (Line  4-} 

b.  The  W-semi-circle  may  indicate  the  same  words,  where 
the  hook  cannot  be  conveniently  used.     The  semi-circle  is  also 
used  for  Were.    (Line  4- ) 

KEY  TO  LINE  4.— Before- we-came.  Did-we-not.  Which-we-may-have. 
Can-we-not.  Upon-what.  By-what-means.  About- what-time.  But-whether- 
you-can.  Part-way.  Go-away.  If-they-were.  If-we-were. 

HiT  Write  Exercise  XVII.  of  the  Speed-Book. 

FINAL  HOOK   FOR  TER,  DER  AND  THER. 

Sec.  20.  A  large  final  hook  written  in  place  of  the 
N-hook,  on  any  straight  stem,  adds  to  the  stem  the  syllable  Ter, 
Der,  or  Ther,  to  be  read  after  the  stem  and  after  any  vowel  or  ini- 
tial hook,  but  before  a  final  circle  or  N-Hook.  (Lines  5,  6.) 

a.  A  final  Iss-circle,  or  a  small  hook  for  N,  may  be  writ- 
ten within  the  Ter-hook.     (Line  6.) 

b.  The  final  N-hook  written  within  the  Ter-hook,  may  be 
used  for  the  affix  -ing. 

c.  Phrasing. — The  Ter-hook  adds  to  any  word-sign  the 
word  Their,  There  or  They  are,  and  occasionally  the  word  Other. 
(Line  7.) 

KEY  TO  LINE  7.— Upon-their.  Put-their.  By-their.  Before-their. 
About-there.  W  hat-there-is.  At-their.  Did-their.  Had-their.  Which- 
their.  Came-there.  Can-there-be.  Or  there.  Each -other. 

3^ Write  Exercise  XVIII.  of  the  Speed-Book. 

FINAL  HOOK   FOR  M. 

Sec.  21.  A  short,  broad  final  hook,  written  in  place  of  the 
F-hook  on  straight  stems,  and  on  the  inner  side  of  curves,  adds 
the  sound  of  M  to  the  etem.  This  hook  is  read  after  the  stem, 
and  after  any  vowel  or  initial  hook,  but  before  a  final  circle  or 

N-hook.    (Lines  8-16.) 

30 


THE   W-HOOK— THE   TER-HOOK — THE    M-HOOK. 

'      f 

c^       <V    c_     V     ^     S~«     c- 
2...r.....f...   M.    ~C_  ^  _.../._._ > 

3  S  ±iJz±±ifc4i 

W-HOOK  CONTRACTIONS. 

C                         r                      <— 
Be\vikler-ed —>„...     Dwell-t-ing  |         Quarter-ed Question-cd   c 

C D  C    ^-*  / 

Acquiesce Acquiesced   ._  Railway  ts 

5  §20  A..  S'  3- ^ V  -^- V  A._ ~ V  -J- 

7  A— Y-^U  ^  -\^-A....  J  ..  J j c/  —-,  i......<2.j£.. 

8  §21  V  A:>A..V...V_V,_L  b_.b_I.J.  l'-L 

9  L-  ...j.... 5 -1-...  V  .^1.  £    9 x_  ^  -/.--.  ^  .. 

10    -j*.^-    -^  .-  *r>  -:.-rJ     -f5   -     --(^- 

11-.^--^-.-^-^.    to   _^.Q,...s......t_.P.._6-     6     c^ 

13  "^X^ r"~ : 7"^   "   ^7"  ^  ""J"^ 

(t2  °O»        ^  -v  -1- 

15  ..^.... /:....  s^y   /7y<_-j^L. jiJ /^±r._J:rf.  ._. 

16  ...^"....p..  A...-..^...      .  ^,  ^v.....l..^7'  S 


THE    M-HOOK — THE   TION-HOOK. 


a.  A  final  Iss-circle,  or  a  small  hook  for  N,  may  be  writ- 
ten within  the  M-hook.     This  N-hook  may  also  be  used  for  the 
affix  -ing.     When  M  is  the  last  consonant  in  a  word,  and  is  fol- 
lowed by  a  vowel,  the  stem  is  used.     (Line  1.) 

b.  If  two  vowels  occur  between  M  and  a  preceding  stem, 
the  M-stem  is  used,  excepting  such  words  as  are  illustrated  in 
line  2. 

c.  Phrasing. — The  M-hook  adds  to  a  word-sign  the  word 
May,  Him,  Time,  Make  or  My.     (Line  3.) 

d.  Than,  Been  or  Own,  is  added  by  the  small  N-hook  writ- 
ten within  any  final  large  or  lengthened  hook.     (Line  4- } 

KEY  TO  LINES  3  AND  4.— It-may-be.  Which-may-be.  Pay-him.  Bv- 
him.  About-him.  For-him.  With-him.  Saw-him.  Show-him.  At-that- 
time.  A-different-time.  Did-you-make-known.  In-my-room. 

Better-than.  Rather-than.  Ever- have-been.  Have-ever-been.  Bhall- 
have-been.  Upon-their-own.  Upon-my-own.  At-their-own.  At-my-own. 
Had-their-own.  Hadnny-own. 

Uir  Write  Exercise  XIX.  of  the  Speed-Book. 
FINAL   HOOK   FOR  TION. 

Sec.  22,  The  syllables  Tion,  Sion,  etc.,  are  expressed  by  a 
small  circle  and  back-hook  similar  to  the  expedient  for  Sn. 
(See  Sec.  8,  (/,  h).  A  small  circle  may  be  written  within  the  back- 
hook  to  add  S.  The  syllable  Tion  may  be  added  to  an  N-hook, 
on  a  straight  stem,  by  changing  that  hook  to  a  circle  and  con- 
tinuing the  stroke  to  form  a  back-hook  ;  and  another  circle  for 
S  may  be  written  within  the  back-hook.  (Lines  6-12.) 

a.  Tion  may  be  indicated  after  the  D-stem  and  an  F-hook, 
by  a  small  hook  outside  of  .the  F-hook  ;  but  when  two  vowels 
immediately  precede  this  syllable,  in  such  cases,  Ish  with  the 
N-hook  is  used  for  Tion.     (Line  12.) 

b.  In  such  words  as  dictionary,  stationer,  national,  the  back- 
hook  is  omitted.     (Lines  13, 14.) 

c.  The  past  tense  of  verbs  ending  with  Tion,  is  indicated 
by  halving  the  stem  immediately  preceding  that  syllable.     In 
words  ending  with  -ate  following  Tion,  a  half-length  N  is  used 
after  the   circle,  instead  of  the   back-hook.     (See   Section  .'-,'.} 
(Line  15.) 


THE  M-HOOK— THE    TION-HOOK. 


33 


1.: 

2^  v  ^ 

3 

\       \  ^ 

4     >>     _^S  -V-   ^  ^    --J-- 

M-HOOK  CONTRACTIONS. 

Discriminate-dJ-5  Commission-ed_ Commissioner. Criminate-tl.^ 

Familiar-ly  ^o  Familiarize-d  *o  Family...^... Themselves  G  Muiimum.. 
Memorandum  /^>   Memoranda.^... Sometime  <r^>  Nominate-d  — 

6  1 

v;\ 

~^^ 
9    c^.... 

10       ^€ 

j^.     r     |    <     -f     r     /    r     r     L    P 
1  I-          I"    i  '"' 

V~    -L^~     Q-^T~    j    .  ^_..._.  ^^     v^~    /^^     I— ^ 

p.       p. 
t       $ 

^  <  \ 

>       V       \       'X*       "\^                                      ^^     ^ 
.....A'        «>        V         Y,,fi      \s »  — --V- \i- -^-^      eL 


34  .THE  TION-HOOK — THE   HALVING  PRINCIPLE. 

d.  The  termination  S-tion,    in    such  words  as   position, 
physician,  is  indicated  by  a  large  circle  and  back-hook ;  and  a 
final  circle  may  be  written  within  the  back-hook.     (Line  1.) 

e.  S-tion  is  added  to  an  N-hook,  by  changing  the  hook  to 
a  large  circle  and  adding  a  back-hook  ;  and  a  final  circle  may 
be  written  within  the  back-hook.     (Line  2.) 

f.  In    words  ending    with    -est   or   -ist,    following    Tion, 
the  syllable  may  be  indicated  by  a  small  loop  added  after  the 
circle,  or  by  using  a  half-length  S.    (Line  2.) 

igiP  Write  Exercise  XX.  of  the  Speed-Book. 

HALVING  TO  ADD  T  OR  D. 

Sec.  23.  Making  any  stem  half-length,  except  as  stated  in 
this  section,  adds  to  it  the  sound  of  T  or  D.  The  added  sound 
is  read  after  the  stem,  and  after  all  vowels  and  hooks,  but  before 
a  final  circle  or  loop.  (Lines  3-9. ) 

a.  Words  containing  a  second-place  vowel,  with  no  other 
stem  than  L,  R,  M  or  N,  when  halved  to  add  the  sound  of  D, 
are  written  through  the  line,  to  distinguish  them  from  similar 
words  ending  with  the  sound  of  T ;  but  when  such  words  end 
with  a  hook,  the  sound  of  D  may  be  indicated  by  shading  the 
hook. 

b.  Half-length  stems  are  written  below  the  line,  for  the 
third  position. 

c.  A  half-length  stem  must  not  be  joined  to  another  stem, 
except  where  its  length  can  be  readily  distinguished. 

d.  Ray  is  seldom  halved  to  add  D,  except  when  hooked,  or 
when  preceded  by  F,  V,  M  or  L.     (Line  10.} 

e.  The  syllable  -five  is  usually  indicated  by  a  V-stem  follow- 
ing a  half-length.     (Line  11.) 

f.  Phrasing. — Halving  any  word-sign,  or  the  last  stem  of 
an  outline,  adds  the  word  It  or  The,  and  occasionally  the  word 
To.    (Lines  12,13.) 

KEY  TO  LINES  12, 13.— Take-it-away.  Did-it-mean.  If-it-had-not-been. 
For-which-it-was.  Can-it-be.  If-it-were.  Is-it-not.  After-it- was.  Shall- 
it-be-said.  Where-it-was.  May-it-not-be.  Whether-it-is-or-not. 

Upon-the-occasion.  About-the-same.  At-the-time.  Charge-the- 
amount.  For-the-sum.  Of-the.  With-the-details.  From-the-time.  What- 
were-the-means.  Go-to-him. 


NOTE.— A  dot  at  the  beginning  of  a  stem  indicates  the  prefix   Com  or 
or  Con.    See  (*)  on  page  35.   A  dot  at  the  end  of  a  stem,  indicates  Ing. 


THE   TION-HOOK—  THE    HALVING  PRINCIPLE.   .  35 


i  :^  .....  v*  r.  \  ^ 

' 


TION-HOOK  CONTRACTIONS. 

Occupation  .J5...  Compassion  \    Passion  \.  ..Opposition  J??_..  Position  K> 
Possession.  A   _.  Contention  ..?_...  Attention   4      Tension   J,     Decision  .-^VL. 
Dcnominatiou  ...^...Condensation  cl>  Comlitioual-ly  ..^°...Additional-ly  .„.[..  .. 

Continuation  ________  Connection  _  s  Actionable-y  .rrr^.  ..Organization.  ..^? 

Formation  _.>e  _____  Conviction  ..N?  ......  Recollection  /*"  Eesolution  ......jl... 

\JT)  ^  _  ^  ^_g  ^-^ 

Nomination  ........  Information  ..........  Incision  ........  Institution  ......... 


3  §• 

,v  r 


7    c  r  r 

7    *   -^--  - <r— ~~- 

vS        "  >°)       ~     ^ 

O  J       ..... 


11  .-.-       ---- 

12  ^ 

13  •- 


36         LENGTHENING— SPECIAL   RULES  AND   SUGGESTIONS. 

g.  Halving-  a  pronoun  or  adverb,  adds  the  word  Did.  Halv- 
ing any  preposition  which  is  written  with  a  curved  stem,  adds 
the  word  What.  (Line  1. ) 

KKY  TO  LINE  1. — What-did-you-mean.  Which-did-you-get.  When- 
did-you-go.  We-did.  You-did.  If-they-did.  He-did-not.  She-did-not  say- 
that.  Whether- he- did-or-not.  Where-did-you-see-him.  From-what-time. 

W  Write  Exercises  XXL  and  XXII.  of  the  Speed-Book. 

LENGTHENING  FOR   TER,  DER,  AND  THER. 

Sec.  24.  Lengthening  a  curved  stem,  or  a  straight  stem 
which  ends  with  a  hook,  adds  the  syllable  Ter,  Der,  or  Ther. 
The  added  syllable  is  read  after  all  vowels  and  hooks,  but  before 
a  final  circle.  (Lines  2-9.} 

a.  The  first  half  of  a  lengthened  stem  is  placed  in  the  posi- 
tion indicated  by  the  leading  vowel  of  the  word,  in  accordance 
with  the  rule  at  section  4,  6,  in  the  same  manner  as  if  it  were  a 
single  stem. 

b.  Phrasing. — Lengthening  a  stem,  adds  to  it  the  word 
Their,    There   or    They  are,    and    sometimes    the    word    Other. 
(Line  10.) 

KEY  TO  LINE  10.— If-there-h  as-been.  For-there-is-not.  Have- there- 
been.  Thought-there-might-be.  Of-tbeir.  So-there-was.  May-there. 
In-there.  I-think-there-is.  Whether-there-is-or-not.  When-they-are. 

l^  Write  Exercise  XXIII.  of  the  Speed-Book. 
SPECIAL  RULES  AND  SUGGESTIONS. 

Sec.  25. — a.  When  a  regular  verb  in  the  present  tense  ends 
with  a  half  length  stem,  the  syllable  -ed  may  be  added  for  the 
past  tense  by  an  inclined  final  tick  struck  at  a  distinct  angle 
with  the  half-length  or  with  its  final  hook.  A  tick  may  also 
be  used  after  a  loop  for  the  same  purpose.  (Lines  11-13.) 

b.  Words  of  the  same  part  of  speech  and  containing  the 
same  consonants,  must  be  distinguished  by  vocalization,  or  by 
difference  of  position  or  outline.  When  two  such  words  belong 
in  the  same  position,  the  most  frequently  occurring  one  should 
have  the  preference ;  but  where  there  is  little  or  no  differ- 
ence in  that  respect,  preference  should  be  given  to  one  con- 
taining a  diphthong,  or  an  accented  long  vowel.  (Seep.  64.) 


LENGTHENING— SPECIAL   RULES   AND   SUGGESTIONS. 


\ 


'(" 

HALF-LENGTH  CONTRACTIONS. 


.\ 


P:irticular...:....Opportunity,Pretty  <\    Except  ^    Accept Expand 

Expend-iture      §   Decreed. According  to  .^....Built-d-ing  A....  Able  to   ^ 

Toward  1    Gentlemen  ../...  Gentleman  J  Quite  .Could  _    Good   _ 

Guilty —  Neglect   c_    Negligent    c_,     Somewhat -—...  Mental-ly     *-, 

Not.  Need Under.  Hundred  v_^    Nature,  Hand       ...Iiidividual-ly  .__L 

Nevertheless ^~^-  Notwithstanding  .....r-T  .Understood   ^f  Understand  ^f 
Anjbody.—  Nobody  ^_xv    Neighborhood      A  Immediate  -ly 

2  §24^ 


38  '•          SPECIAL  RULES   AND    SUGGESTIONS. 

c.  Words  having  peculiar  outlines,  and  most  words  con- 
taining more  than  two  upright  or  inclined   stems,   may    be 
written  on  the  line.     (Line  1.) 

d.  No  hook,  circle,  or  loop,  can  be  used  at  the  end  of  a 
word,  when  the  sound  indicated  by  it  is  immediately  preceded 
and  followed  by  vowels. 

e.  As  far  as  possible,  derivatives  should  be  written  with 
outlines  similar  to  those  of  their  primitives,  and  usually  in  the 
same  position. 

f .  The  sound  of  Sh  is  sometimes  indicated  by  the  circle  or 
loop,  as  in  accomplish,  negotiate.    (Line  2.) 

g.  When  T  or  D  is  followed  by  the  consonant  sound  of  Y, 
both  sounds  may  be  expressed  by  Chay  or  Jay.     (Line  2.) 

h.  In  words  ending  with  K-tion  following  T  or  D,  K  may 
generally  be  omitted.  K  may  also  be  omitted  in  many  words  in 
which  K-tion  follows  other  consonants  ;  and  other  letters  are 
omitted  in  some  cases,  as  indicated  in  lines  3  to  5. 

i.  Foreign  sounds  are  indicated  by  striking  a  light  waved 
line  through  stems  most  nearly  representing  them.  (Line  6.) 

j.  The  termination  -ure  may  be  indicated  by  the  stem  Y; 
also,  by  the  Ter-hook,  by  Chay  or  Jay  with  the  R-hook,  by  the 
Str-loop,  or  by  lengthening  a  curved  stem.  (Line  7.) 

k.  The  semi-circles  for  the  coalescents  W  and  Y  may  be 
written  by  the  side  of  a  stem,  in  the  position  of  a  vowel,  thus 
indicating  both  the  consonant  and  the  vowel  which  follows  it. 
In  such  cases  the  W-semi-circle  opens  to  the  right  to  indicate 
a  dot  vowel,  and  to  the  left  to  indicate  a  dash  vowel ;  and 
the  Y-semi-circle  opens  upward  for  a  dot  vowel,  and  downward 
for  a  dash  vowel.  The  semi-circles  may  be  shaded  for  long 
vowels,  and  made  light  for  short  vowels,  if  desired.  (Line  8.) 

I.  The  back-hook  after  a  circle  may  often  be  used  to  Indi- 
cate the  affix  -ing,  but  care  should  be  taken  that  the  resulting 
outline  be  not  of  such  form  as  to  be  mistaken  for  a  different 
word.  In  words  containing  more  than  one  stem,  the  N-hook 
may  also  be  used  for  the  same  purpose,  the  same  precaution 
being  taken.  (Line  9.) 

^  Write  Exercise  XXIV.  of  the  Speed-Book. 


SPECIAL   RULES   AND    SUGGESTIONS. 


4_ 


y  r 


L    • 


"•  I 


51                               O      —      P 
_.__=_.-A- v I...S.—V  

V       ^^  ^e       N^1^ 

6  (Ger.}  Einig  : Ich 

7  V      V 


bon 


3 


COALESCENTS. 


HALF-LENGTH   CONTRACTIONS. 
Quantity  ..^.....Acquaint-ance  c_,    Contract  ...?......  Trade 


Attract... 


Direct,  Day  or  two    1      Eft'ect 


Affect,  Fact  _v—  Frequent-ly. 


Convict... Authority... ......  With  regard  to Without  regard  to_. 

Iinport-ant...'^^..  Imports-ance  _ri^*.-Independeut    ^>    Intelligent  .. 
Subjected     ^      Consequent-ly  „ Examined  ...      ..    Mentioned 

cT^> 

Remarked. -TT-. .Measured  )    In  regard  to  Water ._^.__  As  regards 

f>                                   ^^> 
"Year  or  two  ...   ...Yet   f  Behind Movement • 


40  PREFIXES  AND  AFFIXES. 

m.  Phrasing. — It  was  stated  in  section  23.  /,  that  the 
word  To  is  sometimes  added  to  a  word  by  halving1.  To  is  gen- 
erally indicated,  however,  by  writing  the  preceding  and 
following  words  near  each  other,  rather  than  by  halving  ;  but 
where  To  is  followed  by  a  word  which  may  be  added  to  it  by  a 
hook,  circle,  loop,  or  other  expedient,  in  accordance  with  the 
phrasing  rules  heretofore  given,  the  better  practice  is  to  write 
the  word-sign  for  To,  with  the  subsequent  word  so  added.  (1/ines 
14-18,  page  47.) 

l^-  Write  Exercise  XXV.  of  the  Speed- Book. 

PREFIXES  AND  AFFIXES. 

Sec.  26.  One-  of  the  most  important  methods  of  abbre- 
viation in  Phonetic  Shorthand,  is  that  of  using  certain  signs 
for  frequently  occurring  prefixes  and  affixes,  rules  for  which 
are  given  in  this  section.  Illustrations  of  the  use  of  these 
rules  will  be  found  on  page  43. 

Prefixes.— 1.  The  prefix  Accom  is  indicated  by  the  stem  K, 
joined  to  the  remainder  of  the  word.  (Line  1.) 

•  2.  Com,  Con,  or  Cog,  is  generally  indicated  by  a  dot  at  the 
beginning  of  the  first  stem  of  an  outline.  In  some  words,  how- 
ever, it  is  better  to  use  K  with  the  N-hook  for  Con.  (Line  2.} 

3.  In  the  middle  of  a  word,  Com,  Con,  or  Cog,  is  indicated 
by  disconnecting  the  outline  at  the  point  where  the  syllable 
occurs.     ( Line  3. ) 

4.  Contra,  Counter,  by  an  inclined  tick  written  in  place  of 
the  Con-dot ;  by  a  half-length  K  with  the  N-hook,  followed 
by  Ar  or  Ray  as  is  most  convenient ;  or,  in  a  few  instances,  by 
T  with  the  R-hook,  preceded  by  the  Con-dot.     (Line  4-) 

5.  For,  Fore,  by  F,  joined  to  the  remainder  of  the  word. 
(LineS.) 

6.  In,  Un,  by  the  N-stem ;  or,  when  followed  by  Iss,  by  an 
initial  back-hock,  if  the  N-stem  will  not  readily  join.    (Line  6.) 

7.  Inter,  Intro,  Enter,  by  a  half-length  N,  either  joined  or 
disjoined.     If  disjoined,  it  should  be  written  to  the  succeed- 
ing stem  in  the  position  of  the  first  vowel  of  the  prefix.     (Line  7. ) 


PREFIXES   AND   AFFIXES.  41 

8.  Magna,  Magni,  by  a  disjoined  M,  written  over  or  near 
the  remainder  of  the  word.     Magnify,  and  its  derivatives  are 
written  MG.     (Line  8.) 

9.  Hel,  by  the  stem  Bay  with  the  L-hook.     (Line  9.) 

10.  Self,  by  the  syllable  written  in  full,  where  convenient. 
In  other  cases,  by  the  Iss-circle,  as  shown  in  line  10. 

11.  There  should  always  be   written  with    the   stem    Ray, 
but  in  such  words  as  thereupon,  therefore,  thereafter,  the  inclina- 
tion of  the  Ray  should  be  so  changed  as  to  bring  the  remainder 
of  the  word  in  its  proper  position.     (Line  11.} 

Affixes. — 12.  Ble,  Ely,  are  indicated  by  B  and  the 
L-hook :  or  where  the  hook  cannot  be  used  conveniently,  by 
B  alone.  (Line  12.} 

13.     Bleness,  by  B  with  the  L-hook  and  final  Iss,  disjoined 
and  written  through  the  line.     (Line  13.} 

14.  Ed,  by  halving  the  last  stem  of  an  outline  ;  by  a  half- 
length  T  or  D,  joined  or  disjoined,  after  a  full-length  stem  : 
or  by  an  inclined  tick  after  a  loop  or  a  half-length  stem,  as  pro- 
vided in  section  25,  a.  (Line  14. ) 

15.  Ential,  Entially,  by  Sh  following  the  N-hook.     Essen- 
tial and  essentially  are  written  SN%     (Line  15.) 

16.  Ever,    by     the     P-hook ;     Soever,    by     the    circle    and 
V-stem.     (Line  16.) 

17.  For,   Fore,    Form,   by   F  joined  to  the  preceding  por- 
tion of  the  word.      (Line  17.) 

18.  Ful,    Fully,    by    the    F-hook,    except   when    the   affix 
follows  a  circle  or  hook,  in  which  case  it  is  indicated  by  the 
stemF.     (Line  18.) 

19.  Fullness,  by  F  followed  by   Iss,   written  through   the 
line  near  the  preceding  portion  of  the  word.     (Line  19.) 

20.  Ing  is    better    indicated   by   the    Ing-stem,    in    many 
cases.     After  the  Tr-  or  M-hook,    or  after  the  F-hook   on  a 
curved  stem,  it  is  indicated  by  a  small  hook  within  the  larger 
one.     In  other  cases,  it  is  indicated  by  a  dot  at  the  end  of  the  . 


42          ..  PREFIXES   AND   AFFIXES. 

last  stem  of  an  outline.  In  such  words  as  exceedingly,  the  Ing- 
dot  is  placed  at  the  end  of  the  last  stem  preceding  L.  See,  also, 
section  10,  b,  and  section  25,  I.  (Line  20.} 

21.  A    perpendicular  or  horizontal  tick,   in  place  of  the 
Ing-dot,  indicates  the  syllable  Ing  followed  by  a,  an  or  and. 
An  inclined  tick,  in  the  same  position,  indicates  ing  followed 
by  the.     (Line  21.) 

22.  When  a  word  ends  with  ing,  it  is  often  convenient  to 
indicate  the  affix  by  beginning  the  next  word  near  the  Ing-dot 
place,    or  by  striking  the  first  stem  of  the  succeeding  word 
through  the  last  stem  of  the  word  to  which  the  affix  belongs. 
(Line,  22.} 

23.  Ings  may   be   written   with  Ing  and  the  small  circle, 
or  by  making  a  circle  in  place  of  the  Ing-dot.     (Line  23.} 

24.  L-ty  or  R-ty,  in  such  words  as  formality,  popularity,  may 
be  expressed  by  detaching  the  preceding  stem.  In  some  cases, 
these  terminations  may  be  indicated  by  halving  Lay  or  Ray,  or 
by  halving  a  stem  bearing  the  L-  or  R-hook.  Biliiy,  as  well 
as  Ble  and  Bly,  is  expressed  after  a  circle  by  the  stem  B. 
(Line  24..} 

25.  Lessness,  by  Lay  and  the  Iss-circle,  disjoined.  (Line  25.} 

26.  Mental,     Mentality,     by    a    half-length    M    with    the 
N-hook.     (Line  26.) 

27.  Ology,     Ological,    by    J,    either    joined    or    disjoined. 
(Line  27.) 

28.  Ography,  Ographer,  by  G.  with  or  without  the  R-hook. 
(Line  28.) 

29.  Self,  Selves,  by  the  syllable  written  out,   except  in  a 
few  cases  where  it  is  more  convenient  to  indicate  the  affix  by  a 
small  circle.     (Line  29.) 

30.  Ship,  by  Sh,  either  joined  or  disjoined.     (Line  30.) 

31.  Ly,  by  El,  or  by  Lay  joined  or  disjoined.     (Line  31  } 
1&-  Write  Exercise  XXVI.  of  the  Speed-Book. 

NOTE. — When   an   outline  is  disconnected,  the  different  parts  must  be 
written    very  near    each    other. 


PREFIXES   AND   AFFIXES.                                          4M 

1 

2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 

13 
14 
15 
16 

Accomplish 
\T~\-,     1     Accomplishment 
Accommodation 
V                       Combination 
<,J    —,        Conscience 

-7       /      Careful-ly 
18   c—  ^       6        y      Cheerful-ly 

Thoughtful-ly 
,         Successful-ly 
Q   p      'S.     \       Harmful 
_j_  ^     painful 

n       .                  Cheerfulness 
19    7                            Hopefulness 

^i      Contour 
I                     Unconditional-ly 
*~Y*  ^~\  s*-*     Incumbent 

Recognition 

1                           Contravene 
Counterplfa 

VD                .       \\  ilt'ulness 
\.                            Being 
20                                 Tottering 

Contradiction 

Forenoon 
v_v^>  —  >,  ^       Formidable-y 
\   N      Forbid 

/~\.            Inspiration 
1       Insolvent 

Teaming 

CT-  •    Moving 
Going 

Accordingly 

V_      —      Taking  a 
21           -  !_.  Forming  a 

Unconsidered 

^-|  ^    e,  .J        Introduce 
Introversion 
Entertain 
-^  ,_,        Magnanimous 
'~x^-~>1   .   ^         Magnesia 

Giving  a 
|          )     Taking  the 

Giving  the 

09  ^       ^f              Storing  gocds 
^^       _       V    W--    Receiving  them 
J      Having  done 
c                            Complainings 
23    XJ>       1        ,      Pleadings 
i       1      Proceedings 

.    V.^--     \       Vo      Formality 
24  -^  .....   \^-.  .A....  Popularity 
k     Feasibility 
^       ~~^l     }>     Liability 

Magna  C'^arta 
Q.   /<      Relation 
'^'  »      Realization 

Reliable 

-,    ^~,    i         Self-esteem 
6  E—  .6  T  *U-P     Selfish 
Self-defense 
Thereupon 
V  ^^l     Theref  or-e 

^  Thereafter 

--c        ,    \       Notable-y 
\    .  \  .  A...  Feasible-y 
Profitable-y 
Changeableness 
v       ,        V  .  Tractableness 
0    Curableness 

-,  v_^    Located 

Vitality 
25  Y^        /^°  ^  '°    Thoughtlessness 

Fearlessness 
OR      .                ^        Rudimental 
^     Fundamental 
Instrumental 

27     >          r     '/       Theology 
*'  /         /      /        Physiology 
.                  Geology 

28    ^  —     /  —  _^_       Geography-er 

Stenography-er 
on   ^~i       ^°    L        Myself 
Of  itself 
Themselves 

30    ^                  ,     Friendship 

Invited 

<^—  i  i  ^-i  /)    Credential 
•'  ^    ^J     Deferential 
Inferential 

Whatever 
J    /^     Wherever 
Whenever 
f              L       Whosoever 

17 

V-           Whatsoever 

Therefor-e 
v       v  .         inform 
V    Platform 

~T)  <-^7      Hards-hip 
Ownership 

31  2f~.    J    ~Y~     Kindly 
(                    Suddenly 
Early 

PHRASING. 

Sec.  27.  The  student  will  have  noticed  that  there  are  two 
kinds  of  phrase-writing  taught  in  the  rules  heretofore  given — 
Simple  Phrasing,  which  is  the  joining  of  two  or  more  outlines ; 
and  Group  Phrasing,  which  is  the  representation  of  phrases  by 
the  use  of  hooks,  circles,  or  loops,  attached  to  a  word-sign,  or 
by  the  halving  or  lengthening  principles.  As  to  either  method, 
the  following  directions  should  be  carefully  observed  : 

a.  Such  words  only   should    be    joined  as   have   a  close 
grammatical  relation  to  each  other. 

b.  If  the  elements  of  a  phrase  cannot  be  easily  and  readily 
joined,  or  if  for  any  reason  they  would  not  be  distinct  when 
joined,  the  combination  should  not  be  made. 

c.  Two  distinct  phrases  should  not  be  joined  together. 

d.  Two  large  hooks  should  not  be  written  on  the  same  side 
of  a  straight  stem,  in  phrasing,  as  they  would  have  a  tendency 
to  curve  the  stem  ;  and  no  hook  can  be  used  to  add  a  word  to  a 
stem  which  is  halved  or  lengthened  for  a  preceding  word. 

e.  Unusual  phrases,  as  come  what  will,  should  not  be  joined. 

f.  When  a  phrase  begins  with  the  tick  word-sign  for  A, 
An,  And,  I,  He,  or  21ie,  the  second  word  of  the  phrase  should 
be  written  in  position,  and  not  the  tick. 

g.  When  a  phrase  begins  with   the  tick  for  Awe,  All, 
Already,  or  OH,  or  with  the  circle  for  Is  or  His,  or  with  a  first- 
position  horizontal  or  half-length  word-form,  such  tick,  circle, 
horizontal  or  half-length  may  be  slightly   raised  or  lowered 
when  joined  to  another  word  which  begins  above  the  line  of 
writing. 

h.  In  all  other  cases,  the  first  word  of  a  phrase  should  be 
written  in  the  position  it  would  occupy  if  standing  alone. 

i.  A  word  or  letter  may  be  omitted  from  a  phrase-sign,  or 
changed  in  form,  if  the  context  will  clearly  and  certainly 
suggest  it.  (Lines  1,  2,  page  47.) 

NOTE.— IP  a  very  few  instances,  it  may  be  found  that  a  word-sign 
cannot  be  distinguished  readily  if  written  out  of  its  natural  position  in  a 
phrase-sign.  No  general  rule  can  be  given  to  govern  such  cases,  but  the 
student  must  learn,  by  practice  in  reading,  to  avoid  such  combinations. 

44 


PHRASING.  45 


j.  Special  phrasing  contractions  may  be  made,  where 
difficult  or  lengthy  combinations  of  words  occur  frequently  in  a 
report.  (Line  3.) 

k.  Simple  Phrasing. — The  simplest  phrase-sign  is  made 
by  joining  two  or  more  words  without  change  of  form.  ( Line  4- ) 

I.  Words  forming  part  of  a  complete  phrase  may  be  joined, 
and  the  remainder  written  separately,  if  necessary  on  account 
of  especial  difficulty  of  junction.  (Line  5,) 

m.  Group  Phrasing.— Having  may  be  added  by  the  F-Hook 
and  the  Ing-dot,  but  in  most  cases  it  is  sufficiently  indicated  by 
the  hook  alone.  (Line  6.) 

n.  After  a  final  circle  or  hook,  or  after  a  half-length 
curve,  Tlwir  or  There  is  added  by  a  heavy  tick.  (Line  6.) 

^  Write  Exercise  XXVII.  of  the  Speed-Book. 
o.     Than,  Been,  Own,  or  One,  is  indicated  by  a  back- book, 
after  a  circle  or  loop.     (Line?.) 

p.  It  may  be  indicated  by  a  final  tick,  struck  at  an  acute 
angle  with  any  final  hook  or  half-length  stem.  (Line  7.) 

q.  If  for  any  reason  Him  cannot  be  conveniently  indicated 
by  the  M-hook,  it  should  be  written  with  Hay,  though  it  may 
be  represented  by  a  P-tick  after  a  final  hook.  (Line  8.) 

r.    Himself  may  often  be  indicated  by  the  M-hook  and  final 
circle.     Myself  must  never  be  written  with  the  M-hook.  (Line  8. ) 
^- Write  Exercise  XVIII.  of  the  Speed- Book. 

s.  One  may  be  added  by  the  N-hook  to  either  of  the 
following  words  :  At,  But,  Each,  Which,  Some,  Any,  No,  Long, 
Every,  Either,  Other,  Only.  (Line  9.) 

t.  When  an  outline  ends  with  Iss,  enlarging  the  circle 
adds  to  it  the  word  Is,  His,  As,  or  Has.  (Line  10.) 

u.  In  or  In  the  is  prefixed  by  an  initial  back-hook  to  a  word 
or  phrase  beginning  with  Iss,  if  the  N-stem  cannot  be  used  as 
conveniently.  (Line  10.) 

v.  Should  may  be  indicated  by  the  Ray-tick,  if  that  can  be 
more  easily  joined  than  Sh.  When  preceded  by  /,  He  or  You, 
or  when  used  initially,  the  tick  must  rest  upon  the  line.  (Line  11.) 

w.  Very  careful  writers  may  use  the  small  hooks  and 
circles  on  the  tick  word-signs.  (Line  12.) 


46  •  •  PHRASING. 


x.  O/and  Oftlie  are  generally  omitted  between  two  nouns 
which  are  joined  in  a  phrase-sign.  (Line  13.} 

y.  Or  is  implied  between  two  sets  of  figures,  when  the 
second  set  is  written  above  the  line.  And  or  To  is  implied 
when  the  second  set  is  written  below  the  line.  (Line  13.) 

W  Write  Exercise  XXIX.  of  the  Speed-Book. 


KET  TO  PHRASES  ON  PAGE  47.— 1.  Most-likely.  Ought-to-have-been. 
Ought-not-to-have-been.  It-seems-to-be.  Kefresh-your-recollection. 
Yes-or-nq.  Five-or-six.  Great-deal.  Couldn't-tell.  In-order-to-have. 

2.  Night-time.    The-other.    I-am- not-sure.    It-must-have-been.    Did- 
you-have-any-conversation.    Bear-in-mind.   In-earnest.    In-reply-to-your- 
letter.     Do-you-not-remember.    Once-or-twice.    Eternal-life. 

3.  New- York-Central-Railroad.  German-Insurance-Company.  Mutual- 
Life-Insurance-Oompany.        Where-do-you-reside.        Where-do-you-live. 
How-long-have-you-lived.    In-Rochester.    Entitled-to-recover.     Guilt-or- 
innocence.    What-is-your-business. 

4.  It-was.       It-has-been.       It-may-be.     Upon-that-subject.     Do-so. 
Shall-be.  Hand-in-hand.  Will-be-certain.  It-has-not-been.   Is-not-inclined. 
That-which  may-be. 

5.  It-must-not-be  supposed.       If -that  could-be.      There  may-not-be. 
If-they  should-come.     Which-has-been  chosen.    May-require  adjustment. 

6.  After-having.      For-having.      In-having.      With-having.      Upou- 
having.    About-having.     Gives-their.     Puts-their.     Knows-there.    Been- 
there.    Gone-there.    Done-their.    Affect-their.    Note-their. 

7  Less-than.  That-there-has-been.  For-it-has-been.  By-his-own. 
Find-it.  Around-it.  Maintained-it.  Renewed-it.  They-did-it.  Why-did-it. 

8.  Bid-him.       Taupht-him.       Affect-him.       Lend-him.       Mind-him. 
Around-him.     Offend-him.     Attend-him.      Dun-him.     By-himself.     For- 
himself.    With-himself. 

9.  At-one.    But-one.     Each-one.    Which-one.     Some-one.    Any-one. 
No-one.    Long-one.    Every-one.    Either-one.    Other-one.    Only-one. 

10.  What-is-his-name.     It-is-as-much.      Enlarges-his.       Where-is-his. 
He-tells-us.     In-the-sarae.     In-the:8pring.     In-the-street.     In-the-same- 
place.    In-the-supreme-court.    In-the-same-room. 

11.  It-should-be.    It-should-not-have-been.    Which-should-have.    We- 
should-not.    I-should-nOt-be.    He-should-not-know.     Should-not-suppose. 
Should-have-said.      You-should-have-seen.      You-should-not-be.       You- 
should-not-have-been. 

12.  All-were.    All-will.    All-of.    All-haverbeen.   All-is-done.    All-has- 
been.    Who-will.    Who-were.    Who-have.    I-have-been.    He-is.    He-has. 
Is-he.    Has-he.    On-his-own.1 

13.  What-time-of-day.    What-time-of-night.    Piece-of-land.    Acts-of- 
congress.    Bill-of-sale. — Bills-of-sale.    25-or-26.    25-or-30.     Between-7-and- 
10.    From  5-to-6-hundred-dollars. 

14.  Charley  is-to-be-sent-to-New-York  tomorrow-to-meet-his-mother, 
and-hewillgo  with-her  on-Saturday  to-your-brother's  house. 

15.  After-having-been  advised  as-to-his  condition,  they-decided  not-to- 
remove  him  at-present,  and-he-remains  in-the-same-room  where-you  saw- 
him  today. 

16.  Our   general-agent  expects-to-be   at-your-place  next-week,  ana- 
will  call  upon-you  and  explain  the-matter  fully. 

17, 18.  Complete  lists  of-the  word-sign^  and-contractions  of-the 
system  are  given  in-the-pages  which  follow  this  -exercise.  The  student  is- 
advised-to-examine  these  lists  with  care,  and-to- write  out  «nd-commit-to- 
memory  those  which  he-has-not  already  learned. 


V 


PHRASING. 


47 


T- 


i  k  >  I 

X  \  \ 

5  x    \  ) 

r^tt-i  \>   •»  -.^7--  —y 


^~i   * 


7  /*  _ 

8  __„„. 

9  J.  .... 

11     l^ 
12...^.....' 


I 


-v 
J  I 


J 


~v- 


L 

\ 

J 

c/ 


.    0         J  3         f        .7         I   ^ 6    fl 

13    ~l       ^^  /°       /       •       2,*5     a    ^i5"   »       7 

H^-Cr  _  :^r^,  7  r  _  c M 

// 

4       C     "\      """^ 


<{ 


--t 


S?_ 


'N 


.x_» 


.1.   f. 


4     ^     ( 


-V--I 


-#• 


WORD-SIGNS. 

The  ticks  for  TO,  HOW,  and  SHOULD,  and  the  circles  for  AS  and  HAS,  are  used  in  phrasing 

only.    The  word-signs  for  ON,  SHOULD,  and  HOW,  are  u-ritten  upward. 

'    .'..The 

N                                       i                                              /                                  0 

All                 Awe,  Already  He              Is,  His 

.   A 

/  Who                i    Oh,  Owe            ....  On                o  As  ,  Has 

.v.Ah 

v                                                        rt 
\    Two,  Too     ....I,  High                /  Should        ...Is  there 

.    An,  And      \   To                    &  First                   ....How           H-as  there 

/                      // 

\   \             Upon,  Property,  Occupy 
....    \   \  .  .  Up,  Hope,  Pay 

/      \       v     Ease,  Easy 
—    /    .  .  1  .  .  Was,  Owes 

Put,  Part,  Party,  Happy 

'     Has,  As,  Whose 

\  \             Be,  By,  Buy 
....    \  \  .  .  Before 

-J       i          She,  Wish 
.  .  .  -J      )  .  Shall,  Show 

x     About 

Should,  Issue 

What,  Ought,  Talk,  Between 
.  .  At,  Take,  It 

—  -S  L'sual,  LTsually 

1 

Out,  To,  But,  Took  [Dollar 

f- 

1  i  ..; 

•     Did,  Differ-ed-ent-ence, 
.  .  Do,  Defendant,  Day 

/~  ^~  While,  111,  Lie 
.  .  .  /       f.  Will,  Well,  Low 

1     Had,  Add 

Allow,  Whole, 

/        ,     Watch,  Each 
....  /       /...Which,  Change 

1   ^v           From,  Here,  Hear 

i   "X  .  .  AVhei-e,  Were,  Her 

.           '      Charge,  Much 

,             )     Our,  Hour 

Ol  )j«ct-ed,  Adjoin-cd 

/     /      .,    Or                   [Recollect 

....          / 

.  Agent,  Age 

S    /.  .  .  There,  Their,  They  are, 

Judge,  Large,  Advantage! 

i                    Recover,  Recovery,  Are 



[Week 
Common,  Commit-ted-tee, 

Me,  My,  Time 

..  ^^ 

_••  Company,  Come,  Came 
Can,  Aecompanv-ied, 

•  •  •  •'-    *•  May 
^    Am,  Whom 

___ 

Give,  Given'     -    [County 
.  .  .  (Jo,  Gave,  Against, 
•     Ago,  Together 

In,  Any 
•  ~^~^  No,  Know 
'    Knew,  Own 

V^  ,                If,  Wife,  Form 
V_   {       For.  Forget,  Forgot 
v"  After,  Half 

Not,  Xeed 
...   ^-^  Under,  Hundred 
Xi  tare,  Hand 

^  i                Of,  Live  ' 
V_  i  .  .  .  Ever,  Heavy 

^     Have.  Above 

S~  ^.           Year,  Beyond 
f     ^~     Yes,  Young 
You,  Your,  You  are 

Lc., 

,     Thought 
.  .  Worth,  Oath,  Month 
»•     Thank,  Youth 

"^  ^\            We,  Why,  Without, 
....      '  ~^..  Whether,  AVay     [\Vheel 

1    Would,  Away 

( 

,     With,  Thy 

'—^                Him 

....  \  ..( 

.  .  They,  Though,  Worthy 

—  <^^>  Vhen 

i 

\ 

*     That,  Thou 

/*~x    How 

See,  Saw' 

^^                 Think,  Long,  Thing 

.  .  So,  Say,  Us 

-  -  ••*—  '  Nothing,  AnK>ng,Length 

House,  Sue                                            >*>^'    Language,  Along 

48 

CONTRACTIONS   AND   WORD-FORMS. 

SIMPLE  CONTRACTIONS. 

,           ,        Public-ly-ish-ed 
.          v          V  —  Publication 
\        Y              Peculiar-ly-ity 
\^-  Perpendicular-ly 

A                       October 
Quite 

Could 

'  —                  /^  Altogether 
.—*__.  —      (iood  deal 
Good  while 

I        Vr-  x  Few 
-\^;--  \               February 
*             Former  v 
V  /  I                   Formerly 
—  >  —  5     \.    Forgiven 
Affidavit 
V,     Effect 

Operation 
.         Portion              [ison 
*,>  —  Apportion,  Corupar- 
Becauie,  Become 

\    v-~^          /   Bv  virtue  of 
\X    Bond  and  mortgage 

Better 

I         Better  than 
\           L       —    At  any  rate 

Technical-ly-ity 

At  last 
f        L_      l^     Dignify-ied-ty 
Demo.crat-ic-cy 

•                      1        Domestic 
U->  —  I                   Downward 

Convict 

I     ?  I     P  (.     J1  ^~<?rse.  Various 
V/  VX^VX^  Versed 

Version,  Variation 
\                   Especial-ly 

i-^  ...)  Essential-ly 
Assume 

Assumption 

'~3         }        \-^iLTiiinent 

S         j       Doctrine-al 

.                      .         Determine 
[          I,        Determined 
Determination 

,          1          |        Danger 
Dangerous 

••    /       /             '     Declare 

•         Declaration 
1          l~^      l—^    Demonfeirate 
;    Demonstration 

Chattel  mortgage 
J       ./       Changeable-) 
--^—  \       ^       Chargeable-y 

,           .               January 
O      /       /  ....  Agency 
f        Advantageous 

—  7     '         Capable-y-ity 
\       /         7    Acknowledge 
Acknowledged 

?      —  _       f  Acknowledgement 
I—       I              Commonlv 

\     Establibh-ed 
\^>      L      Establishment 

V^                          Ea.-t  and"  West 

Y~       \       st    Easterly 
'  /   Eastward 

Legislate-d-or-ure 

s~j      /.          ,     Legislation 
'  *    /  \    /      Kepresent-ed 
Representative 

*,       ^     .^—    Representation 
-^V  /is          Orfginal-ly-ate-d 

Regular-ly 

^       s\        st    Republic-ish-ed 
X\  '\S4    Republican 
\        o           Regeneration 
Require 
^       /      ^       Required 

—  Architect-ure-al 
*        *      Argue-ment 

Couimou  law 

_^~^  —  ,     /  —  7  Commercial-ly 
(  /     (  Catholic 

—                       Iti'formation 

2     —  s       •>     Retrospect 
~V^\       J     ._Q_  Wheref..re. 
Heretofore 

Roman  Catholic       , 

50            -.                      CONTRACTIONS  AND  WORD-FORMS. 

~x        /\^       si    Arrangement    [rive 

INITIAL  CIRCLES. 

Reverend,  Revenue 
s—  -o  '~^\  Revolution 

o                  o     Is,  His 

•jjXt-  /        Reorganize 
Import-ant 
^^r^           ^"^   Importance 

Is  his,  His  is 

"I      As  has,  As  is 
.-..-P.-  1—  And  so  forth 
Speak,  Speech 

S          o         \     Spoke,  Special-ly 
—  V—    ^    Expect-ed 
Spoken 
V       o          ^     Exception 

Imperfect 
Improvement 

Mutual-ly 

.-^A.^^i^^.  From  time  to  time 
Manufacture-d 

^-\^    s—^.,  .  Manufactory 

Expense-ive-ly 
o                    c      Expanse-ive-ly 
<s  ?  Expand 

V                   ^N,        Immediate-ly 

Movement 
«-iX_,_Z  Material-ly 
Any  other 

No  other 

Subject,  Subpoena 
o         o                 Subjective-ly 
V       \>       ^      Subjection 
Subjected 
Satisfy-ied 
P        P          P      Satisfies 

<1^             Now 

v—  t    ^-^*^  -„,     Any  way 
V.   Anything 

b        D        'ID      Satisfaction 
Satisfactory 
•^p/     R_      f     Satisfactorily 
Circumst  ant  ial-1  y  , 
[Extension 
P                   p      Circumstance,    Ex- 
-    1*       Set  off       [tensive-lv 

^.                         \  Envelope 

v_^                   .   Anybody 
^_^\   -  —  A  Nobody 

Neighborhood 
^_s-—  -_v_sr\^s>  Inquire-y 
Inquired 

Set  forth 
P        p         p       Consist 
^     System 
Considerate 

/°       /°       f>     Situate-d 

In  accordance  with 
Engage-d 
•^^—  ^s—?\.  Negotiated 
Inform-ed 

Information 
^p        ^     ^-\  Involve-d 

Suggest-ed-ion 
f       Q  —  D    °  —  3    Suggestive-ly 

November,  Never 

^_-,            ,  Anniversary 
s—  i          ^     ^  Involution    [tial-ly 
Influential-ly,  Ini- 

Nevertheless 
^-A^.     ^      J    Independent-ly 
Q                        Intelligence 

^         ^  Intelligent 
^7          ^       (    Notify 

Consequential-ly 
Q_,      Q  —     o-,     Consequent-ly    [ied 

Significaut-ly^ 
Q_o    o_^    o        Significance 

Sufficient 
Sufficiency 
Va^,    V    ...P.....  Several 
Southeast 
fi                 Southeastern 
J?         C        oxl^  Southern 
Certainly 

Certify 
ox\       °-\^    ^°  Certification 
Circumference 

Until 

^.                          Entire 
)  /..  ^-  —    Natural-ly 
Undertake 

Undertaken 

—  —  =._.:wi  ^!S_  Undertook 
Individual-ly 

CONTRACTIONS   AND  WORD-FORMS.                                    51 

Somebody 

(TN^  <5"ti     s"^-—  ^.   Sometime 
rSome  of  the  time 

g^            ,    f~^     Somewhat 
GV    Cemetery 

L           1               Dissimilar-itv 
5_L-_^.!  .J...  Conditioual-ly 
^*    Additional-ly 

ill        Disclaim-ed 
S  £_^    (^       Disqualify 
v      v^  Disqualification 
.          i       —  °     Do^yn  stairs 

Similar-ity 

g-\                       Similarly 
(       <s~^>          ..  Some  one,  Summon 

•>    Examine 
Examined 
CT"YT-  Examination 

Because 

0     —  />  Actionable-v 
—  —  J\        3        '     Expend-iture 

Southwesterly 

<5_^      <^  Southwestern 
eg-         1     Single-ular-lv-ity 

Exchange-d 
.  Counsel-cil 

Singly 
FIXAL  CIRCLES  AND  LOOPS. 

\o      \       v       Possible-v-ity 

Customer-ary 
—  B~N  /  Accustom 

Executor-y 

-£=3    i          Executrix 
~^2  —  °  ^-s^     Extraordinary-ily 
Efflcient 

.             i                 Efficiency         [geon 
^^J-^     y>  ....(.      Physician  and  Sur- 

Up  stairs 
^      v/  Possess 

Observe-d 

\/v     v^-  fr^-o  Observance 

i    <f               Thousand-th 

(          i                These 
P.  _  b    .    /       This 

Bonds  and  mort- 
\_        I          k       Bondsman 
°         °      Advertise 

*      Those 

^SL.    x^,               Reason 
—  s~s~~^    Almost 

Advertised 
j         ,       Advertisement 
°S      <h>     Advertiser 

Most  of  the  time 
Mistake 
/'-a  —  s~s—  D  Mistaken 
*~~o  —  -Mistook 

x^s     '—jx     Misgovern-ed 

Mrs. 
^-,      s-~gj             Misses 

Testament 

Testify 
b          b      c*-^^  Testified 
Testimouy 

•          i           i     December 

J~\       J,          L    Destruction 
4,       /      Discharge-d 

/Disadvantage 
1          1      Administer 

Mention 

v_p      -~^y    Mentioned 
/T>>  Influence 

9^      a      Administrate 

Administrat  i  ve 
i           \J^-    l/i  Administration 

Influenced 
^j^               v_o      Influences 
^~&        IS     Next,  Commenced 

<f\.      f        a      Administrator 

.         j      Administratrix 
i  J  —  ^  ._2_3  Discover-ed-y 
Discontiuue-d 

1           i         1      Disconnect-ed 
|_a       <}—  o    *^»  Disorganize 

Inconsiderate 

x_o_         ,    ^~P    Insignificant 
^~f             Inasmuch 

Institute 

^~f      \P     v_f    Institution 
Inconsistent 

,               Disorganized 

1            i         i      Disorganization 
....y....   *—  -"    cM-1  Discriminate-d 
Discrimination 

Instead 

Next  day 
.s_p....  ^—  o  —  '  —  c^-\  Next  week 
Next  time 

52 

CONTRACTIONS  AND  WORD  FORMS. 

-j? 

Next  month 
Next  year 
Indispensible-y 

Interest 
Interested 
Anticipate 

Anticipation 
Understood 
Understand 
Notwithstanding 
Intersection 
Western 

Westerly 
Once  more 
Once  or  twice 

IOOK. 

Appear,  Proper 
Upper,  Purpose 
Practice 
Practiced 
Practical-ly 
Practicable-y 
Perhaps,  Propose 
Probable-y-ity 
Profit 
Particular,  Pride 
Opportunity,  Pretty 
Proud 
Project-ed 
Projection 
Privilege 
Person 
Personal-ly    [fessor 
Perfect-ed-ly,  Pro- 
Proof,  Prove 
Approve-al 
Perfection 
Proficient-cy 
Comprehend-ed 
Preponderate-d, 

[Principal-ly 
Apprehend-ed  . 
Comprehension 
Comprehensive-ly, 
[Appearance 
Apprehensive-ly 
Preponderance 
Properly 
Preserve-d 
Preservation 
Preservative 
Liberty 
Member  ,Remember 
Brother,  Number 

^           \        rv    Brother  in  law 
-V—  -    a       -r\-.  Remembrance 
J  Brethren 

.          1          1    Transient 
•]  1    Internal-ly 
Truth 
1         n     True 
3  J         J      Eternal  -Iv-ity 

^      ^f      ^ 

\^n                                    _^^ 

^-  Controversy 

o         0          1     Trustworthy 
p>        .J^j.  —    b    Transform-ed 

^     ^     I 
R-I 

s  \ 

\      <\ 

V                     v  Transfer-red 
n         n/      1     Treasure-r 

Contract,  Tried 

Trade,  Tract,  To- 
.....  n._  Attract             [ward 
*    Attraction 

1          ^               Dear 
...  1     ....  /Y._  Doctor 

—\- 

?v       <\      <\ 

During,  Dark 

1         )               Drink 
_•  J          1     Drunk 

\v          --\---\-~- 

\  \  •- 

<\ 
<\ 

'     Drank,  Darken 

a                          Direction 
*    -—1  1     Duration 
Direct,  Day  or  two 

XT     Darkens,  Darkness 
_.  .  \  Derive 

v 

>  >  > 

"  v  <v    ^ 

Derivative 

j         y      Charity 
-„-  /        A.    Adjourn-ed 
Adjournment 

,,      Jury,  Larger,  Junior 
.3.  .7......  J      Juryman 
^^       \     Jurisprudence 

fc  —             Jurisdiction 
=  —  •  Decree 

f 

<\  x  % 

<v  ^  % 

Care,  Occur 

c  c  =•  Accrue,  Car,  Cure 
Correct 

cv          %       % 

Corrective 

c  e  c  -3  c-/>  Correction 
/   Corrector 

ns"~ 

Christian-ity 
Character 
c  c  °c  —  •=>  Characterize 
Characterized 

,.—  Characteristic 
<=  —  °  —  c  —  D  Occurrence           [to 
Decreed,  According 

e  Occurred       [Cured 
e~                          Accrued,  Cared, 

<\S   cVp'c\i 

o             o             oV 

^      ^     V 

Degree,  Agree 

CONTRACTIONS  AND   WORD-FORMS.                                    53 

._  Agriculture-al 
<TT  —    f-r    fJ     Great  deal 
Great  while 
/      x?  Grand  jury 
^^  >?~^   Greater 
Greater  than 

r          p          c.      Frequency 
._..._    v>               Furnish-ed 

c_£  Near,  Nor 

In  relation  to 
<i  -  <^^    c:  *    In  order  to 
v  In  regard  to 

In  reference  to 

^-R     <^J?    <^-^  In  respect  to 
\        \i       \  In  respect  of 
In  reply 

t^_x             <^p  In  writing 

Frequent-ly 
n          n      Furniture 
^j-.        ^-        V.    Over 

Every,  Very 

n         p      Verdict 
C          Vo       Vs    Converse 
Conversed 

Conversation 
y3    _  P.  ...  Avert 
^        >°  Averse 

0           r>          ,,      Everybody 
v_.       v-^_^   VL     Everything 
\  Everywhere 

£         C.     Authorize 
^          Q         P     Authorized 

North  and  South 

c_-f     <::-^t     *~~&  Northern 
*         «         ^  Northeast 
Northeastern 

c_x>.x-  ^-Or  <;-^  Northwesterly 
—  Northwestern 
Longer 
^       ^       _     "Without  regard  to 

One  or  two 

ex     ov       <^       Work 
V-a   V-ja  Workman 

'    Workmanship 

°V  /^     r  Workmanlike 

Authorization 

C          C         f     Authority 
_  Authoritative 

Either 

f          C          C     Other 
V          VD          v     otherwise 

Year  or  two 

L-IIOOK. 

^.         ^                  Comply 
\        "C       Compel,  People 

Either  one 

f          C         f     Other  one 
v    h  \      Either  way 

Other  way 

C           r          f    On  either  hand 
I      On  the  other  hand 

\      Apply 
p         .,                Completion 
V       ^       <^      Complication 

With  regard  to 

C          C         C    T^ith  relation  to 

-  -  -U  -  With  reference  to 
\  With  respect  to 

)             As  regards 
'         J    Measure 
Measured 

x  —  -  Lawyer 
C1       6       Learned 

P    Application 
^r                Applicable-y-ity 
SL____°____C      Compliance" 

^    Appliance 

.                          Plaintiff       [Pleiity 
«         j>               Complaint-ed, 

"\j     Applicant 

s          c          r      Belong-ed 
\         \               Believe-d 

Learned 

/      <rx     Lord 
c           \    Railroad 

Build-ing,  Built 

c                Able  to 
t          V       «     Obligation 
~  5"  Blank 

n     Balance 

Error 
c^x      c-^      <r~?  Remark.  Mere 

Merchant 

t^~y    <^~>  cr^—  Merchandise 
Mercantile 
Mortgage-d 

8        T5              At  length 

~      '  r\         p     At  all,  It  will 
UP      t)      At  all  events 
At  least 

54 

CONTRACTIONS  AND  WORD-FORMS. 

r 

; 

../>_ 

•  A 

p         f    Deliver-ed-y 
J               Deliverance 

ai         <v     Extravagant-ce-ly 
u     Instruct-ed 

Delinquent-cy 
/,      /j    Diligent 
/               Children 

Instructive 
q>         <v        Q     Instruction 
«           r*        1      Instrument-al-ly 
Consider-able-y 
q         <¥         V     Consideration 
*         1         *     Inconsiderable-y 
Inconsideration 

a,        "         °~^>  Unconsidered 

Child 
//^      Challenge-d 
L  —     Angel 
Angelic 
Largely 
c  Equal,  Call,  Kill 

Claim-ed,  Coal 
<^>    c^=  Clerk,  Cool 
Equalize 

Descriptive 
o—  e                      Description 
„  o  —         -=  Prescribe-d 

<^-€> 

Equalized 

c  c  =  Equalization 
Collect 

Prescriptive 

Prescription 
o  —  e  _<rq..  Secure 

C  

Collective 

.£>  c  _.  ^  Collection 
"      \p  Collector 

1   Security 
a  —  -    a—  e             Inscribe-d 
8    [    Inscription 

6. 

Qualification 
Guilt-y,  Gild 
«-       <=  —  o  Neglect,  Gold 

1    Insecurity 

F-HOOK. 

V       \     \         Poverty       [to  have 
—.  M      Vv_p  Perform-ed    Hope 

4-9 

Negligence 

Negligent 
P      Afflict 

^    Affliction 

n         ^    Philanthropy-Ic 
*°                Voluntary 

Performance 
kl           i       Develope-d 
.....V  -  I      Deform-ed-ity 

^ 

Rely,  Re<il-ly 

Difflcult-y 
/                Advice,  Advise-d 
1  £  5     Objective-ly 
Govern-ed 

Government 
—  5-3    ^     s    Refer 
Referred 

N-HOOK. 

\                    \       Pennsylvania 
-i     _.-\_._  .'......  I^unish-ed-ment 
o               Combine 

^         ^                Combined 
V--  -  Combination 
5       Bank 

Banker 
\.  \.  V...  Bankable 
-\          ^               Bankrupt 

j  —            Bankruptcy 
\         d          |       At  once 

o  Rail,  Roll 
/   tS\  Rule 

Real  estate 

CIRCLE  AND  HOOK  COM- 
BINATIONS. 

«      i    °\          «     Superflcial-ly 

\T 

X 

% 

\ 

Surprise 
o.      -         Express 

Superintend-ent 
„         °^     Expression 

Experience 

cl                d! 

b         ^    Experienced 

t 

1  /: 

Inexperienced 

o        <^    Explain 
-1          °~     Explained 
.                    Explanation 
q      External-ly,  strength 
b     Extra 

o       But  once 

i          1       Contention 
*           A          J        Tension 

/ 

f      Stranger                                                      Denominate-d 

CONTRACTIONS  AND  WORD-FORMS.                                    55 

J 

1           /    Denomination 

-*i    *-3^,     Universe-al-ity 
.  f.  Behind 

j 

Religion 

.  General-ly 
-f/        v     Imagine-ary,  June 

\_                       Behindhand 

LARGE  HOOKS. 

c          p      c  Bewilder-ed 
i         1                  D\\-fll-ing  Dwelt 

> 

Generalize 

x   Generalized 
of        <*    Generalization 

Generation 

Gentlemen 

C,»uarter-ed 

cl_o  C_^>     Question-ed      , 

-^ 

Imagined 
—  ;>    Connect-ed 
(  ''mnection 
Continue-d 

Acquiesced 
c_g>       c.,          •    Acquisition 
c-j    Quantity 

Acquaint-ance 

/      ,          ,        Railway 
v>       V3     Familiar-ly-ity 
Fauiiliarize-d 

/        -^>     Family 
L«  \3               Themselves 

—  o    —  6"  Continual-ly 
Continuous 

-6 

Continuously 
—  ^>    -fc>  Continuation 
_Constitute-d 

Constitution 

Constable 
Account 

Commission-ed 
•    <^~                    Commissioner 

—  . 

\  Accountable-y 

Begin,  Organ 
j            Begrun,'  Again 

T     Slemoranda 
^~*     ^-3    xS>     Minimum 

—  1 

~^  Began 
—  B     —o  Beginner 
Organize 

Nomination 
TION-HOOK. 

^       \                  Occupation 
V  —  \-  Compassion 
V     Passion 
\-,      .                   Opposition 
ip       \       Position 

Organized 

1       /         Organic        [graphy 
Vj    vs  —  '  Forgotten,  Phono- 

C 

Financial-ly 
C          ^  Within 

>  ^ 

Reference 
Men 
s~?>  ..         Man 

R    Possession 

1          1           a     Attention 
^        <P       f6       Decision 

-^ 

^  Human 
->—5           Meantime 

Situation 
/.                Objection 
rf      Q     Justification 
Accession 

\          i        Accusation 
Hi       ^e     Formation 

1 

Woman 

Mental-ly 
-*^  ^-3_^     Maintain 
Maintained 

7              Maintenance 
.--_?...  Any  one.   Opinion 
Xo  one 

None 
•>*^)      s~     Lengthen 

Conviction 
a                      Recollection 
—-„&...-        Resolution 
"°"  Examination 

^^     ^^2.     v_p    Institution 
Information 

^_  Unil:orm-ed-ity 

Incision 

RULES   OF   STENOTYPY. 


A  very  convenient  way  of  indicating  stenographic  forms,  is 
by  the  use  of  Stenotypy,  a  method  exhibited  in  the  following 
rules  and  illustrations  : 

1.  The  stems  Chay,  Ith,  The,  Ish,  Zhe  and  Ing,  which  cannot  oe  repre- 
sented in  the  English  language  by  single  letters,  are  indicated  in  Stenotypy 
by  the  Roman  letters  Ch,  Th,  Dh,  Sh,  Zh,  and  Ng,  respectively.     AH  other 
stems,  except  upstrokes,  are  indicated  by  Roman  capitals. 

2.  The  upstrokes  Lay,  Ray,  and  Shay,  are  indicated  by  the  Italic  letters 
R,  I/and  Sh,  respectively. 

3.  Small  Roman  letters  (except  g  and  h,  used  as  above  stated)  indicate 
attachments  to  stems,  such  as  circles,  loops  and  hooks,  and  the  sounds 
implied  by  the  halving  and  lengthening  principles. 

4.  The  ticks,  which  are  named,  from  the  stems  they  resemble,  the  P-tick, 
T-tick,  etc.,  are  indicated  by  small  Italic  letters  corresponding  with  such 
stems.    The  semi-circles  are  indicated  by  the  small  Italic  letters  w  and  j/, 
and  prefixes  and  affixes  are  also  shown  by  small  Italics. 

5.  A  hyphen  shows  that  the  stems  between  which  it  occurs  should  be 
written  very  near  each  other,  but  unconnected. 

6.  A  dot  ( ' )  indicates  that  .the  proper  vowel  should  be  inserted. 

7.  A  cross  (-J-)  indicates  that  the  stems  should  be  intersected. 

8.  A  superior  figure  indicates  the  position  of  the  stem  after  which  it  is 
placed.    Where  no  figure  is  given,  the  word  should  be  written  in  the  second 
position. 

ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  STENOTYPY. 


Dl     1 

Psns     \ 

t>^ 

Pn        \ 

HtT           P 

Fltr          0 

K3         .„„... 

sPs      °x^ 

Pus      ^ 

Tts       b 

Fiidr        V 

Ch        / 

Pss        x~) 

Pnsn    \ 

Trt       1 

p  AI3 

<r 

JLlv 

Sh         J 

Psss      \D 

Piist    ^ 

Tit        r 

r$S 

Th         ( 

r\ 
*^tp             \ 

\ 

Pnstr  ^ 

Tut      J 

cAM 

Dh         ( 

Pst       \ 

Tw       P 

Tuts     d 

c&w          ^ 

BKM\_^ 

Pstr      \^ 

Ty       1 

Tft       ^ 

Bhf 

RK    "\_ 

Pr 

Ttr       J 

Tfts      (9 

R^-             ~V 

Rll.    /~~ 

Fr        ^ 

Ttrs      d 

sTrt     °1 

:NV/&       •—^ 

LK     C 

sPr      °\ 

Ttrn      cJ 

stRt     ^ 

70  D-                   V 

ZK    ^~ 

stPr     \ 

Tm        b 

sTlt      P 

jK 

FSA  V_V 

PI 

Tins       U 

stTt      P 

Kln-L       <—^f 

SP 

sPl       \ 

Tmn      b 

Ftr      V 

ftww.Bnsn1^!.. 

Ps        Xo 

Pf        \ 

Tt          1 

Ftrs    0s" 

RsPw^      x\ 

Psn      -V 

Pfs       \ 

sTt         P 

rN-£> 
Frthr  V 

RsV  -f  Dh  x^ 

(See  Exercises,  page  115.) 

CONTRACTIONS   AND   WORD-FORMS. 

ALPHABETICALLY  ARRANGED. 

Anniversary                                          Authority                                             California 

A 

Antagonist,  NtG3 

Authorization,  Thrssn1 

XX 

Antedate,  XtDt 

Authorize,  Thrs1 

Abstract,  Bs3Trt 

Anticipate,  IstsPt 

Authorized,  Thrst1 

Abstraction,  Bs3Trsn 

Anticipation,  NtsPsn 

Averse,  Vrs3 

Accept,  sPt3 

Antidote,  NtDT 

Aversion,  Vrsn3 

Account,  KXt3 

Anybody,  NBd1 

Avert,  Vrt3 

Accustom,  KsM3 

Anyhow,  Xp1 

Awful,  dFl1 

Actionable-y,  KsB3 

Any  one,  Xn1 

Awkward,  KWrd1 

Actuul-lv,  Kt2L 

Any  other,  Xj1 

Actuality,  KtLt3 
Acknowledge,  KJ 
Acknowledged,  KJd 
Acknowledgement, 
[KJMnt 
Acquaint-ance,  Kwnt 
Acquire,  KwR 
Additional-ly,  Ds3L 
Adjourn-ed,  Jr 
Adjournment,  JrMut 
Admeasure,  DZhr 
Administer,  Ds3R 
Administrate,  Ds3m 

Anything,  X'Xg 
Anyway,  Nu-1 
Apportion,  P3jRsn 
Appliance,  Pins3 
Applicable-ity,  P13K 
Applicant,  Pint3 
Application,  Plsn3 
Apply,  PI3 
Apprehend-ed,  Prn3 
Apprehension,  Prnsn3 
Apprehensive-ly,  Prns3 
Approve-al,  Prv3 
Architect-ure-al,  R3K 

Balance,  Bins3 
Balanced,  Blust3 
Bank,  Bu3 
Bankable,  Bn3B 
Banker,  Bn3R 
Bankrupt,  Bn3Pt 
Bankruptcy,  Bn3S 
Bank  stock,  Bs3K 
Became,  Become,  BK 
Because,  Ks1 
Began,  Gn3 

Administration,  Ds3.Z?sn 
Administrative, 

Argue-ment,  R3G 
Arkansas,  R3K 

Begin,  Gn1 
Beginner,  GnJR 

[Ds37?tV 
Administrator,  Ds3/ttr 
Administratrix,  Ds3Ks 
Adult,  Dlt 
Adulterous,  DltTJs 
Advantageous,  J3S 
Advertise,  Ts1 
Advertised,  Tst1 

Arrangement,  RMnt 
As  it-the,  Zt3 
As  regards,  Zrds3 
Assemble-y,  SM 
Assignment,  S'Mnt 
Assume,  S3M 
Assumiftion,  S3Msn 
Astonish-ment,  St^X 

Begun,  Gn 
Belief-  ve-d,  Bl 
Belong-ed,  Bl1 
Beneflcent-ial-ly,  BnF 
Benevolent-ce,  BNV 
Bewilder-ed,  Bw1 
Blank,  Bin3 
Bond  and  mortgage, 

Advertisement,  Ts'Mnt 
Advice,  Advise-d,  Dv3 

Astronomy-ical,  St'Rn 
At  all  events,  TlvNts 

[Bd'MG 
Bonds  and  mortgages. 

AtlVct,  Ft3 
Allidavit.  FtVt 

At  any  rate,  TNrt 
At  last,  TLst 

[Bds'MGs 
Bond  and  warrant. 

Afflict,  Fit3 
Affliction,  Flsn3 
Again,  Gn 
Agency,  JS 
Agree,  Gr1 
Agriculture-al,  GrKl 
Almighty  God,  bMtGd' 
Almost,  Mst1 
Also,  LS 
Altogether,  hG1 

At  least,  Tlst 
At  length.  Tin 
Atmosphere,  TMsR 
At  once,  Tns 
Atonement,  T'Mnt 
Attainment,  TMnt 
Attention,  Tsn 
Attract,  Trt3 
Attraction,  Trsn3 
Attractive,  Trv3 

[Bnd'Wnt 
Bondholder,   Bd]Ldr 
Bondsman,  Bds'Mn 
Brother,  Br3 
Brother  in  law,  Br3Xl 
Brethren,  Brn3 
Built-d-ing,  Bid' 
Business,  Bss1 
But  once,  Tns3 
By  virtue  of,  B>Vr 

Amencan,  Ml?Kn  or 

Auspicious,  S'P 

[MrKn 

Anthentic-ity,  Thnt1 

Amongst,  Ngst 
Angel,  Jl 

Authoritative-!  v, 
[ThrtiTv 

Calculate,  Kl3Klt 
Calculation,  Kl3Klsn 

Anniversary,  XV3 

Authority,  Thrt1 

California,  KlF3 

a 

Comprehension                         Cross  Examination                                          Dignify 

Capability,  KBlt 

Comprehensive-ly, 

Cultivate,  KltVt 

Capable,  KB1 

[Prns1 

Cultivation,  KltVsn 

Car,  Kr3    _ 

Concern,  sRn  or  sBa 

Cure,  Kr3 

Care,  Kr 

Conclude,  Kid3 

Custom,  Ksm 

Cared,  Krd 

Concourse,  KKrs1 

Customer-ary,  KsMR 

Card,  Carred,  Krd3 

Condensation,  Dnssn 

lor  KsR 

Casual-ly,  KZh 

Conditional-ly,  Ds'L 

n 

Casualty,  KZhT 

Connect,  Kn 

_Lf 

Category-ical-ly,  Kt3Gr 

Connecticut,  KNtKt 

Dark,  During,  Dr3 

Catholic,  KTh 

Connection,  Knsn 

Darken,  Drn3 

Cattle,  Ktli 

Consequence,  sKns1 

Darkens,  Darkness, 

Caught,  Kt1 

Consequent,  sKnt1 

[Drns3 

Certain,  sfitNor  sRt 

Consequential,  sKn1 

Danger,  DJr 

Certificate,  sJJtF 

Consider  -able-y,  sDr 

Dangerous,  DJrs 

Certification,  s-RtFsn 

Consideration,  sDrsn 

Day  or  two,  Drt 

Certif.  of  stock,  sBtFst 

Considerate,  sD.Rt 

Dear,  Dr1 

Certify,  sJRtF 

Considered,  sDrd 

Declaration,  DKlsn 

Cemetery,  sMtR 

Consist,  ssT1 

Declare,  DK1 

Challeng-e-d,  Chi3 

Consistence,  ssTns 

Declarative,  DKltV 

Charter-ed,  Chtr3 

Consistency,  ssTn 

Decree,  Kr1 

Chattel  mortgage-d. 

Consistent,  ssTnt1 

Decreed,  Krd1 

[Cht3MG 

Constituency,  stTn1 

Dedicate,  DDKt 

Child,  Chilled,  Chid1 

Constituent,  stTnt1 

Dedication,  DDKsii 

Children,  Chi 

Construct,  sTrt 

Deduct,  DdKt 

Character,  KrK 

Construction,  sTrsn 

Deduction,  DdKsn 

Characteristic,  KrKsK 

Constructive,  sTrv 

Deform-ed-ity,  Df  * 

Characterize,  KrKs 

Constable,  Knst 

Degree,  Gr1 

Characterized,  KrKst 

Constitute-ed,  Knst1 

Delaware,  DlWr 

Charity,  Chrt3 

Constitution,  Knstn1 

Deleterious,  Dlt^s 

Chemical-ly,  KM 

Contiiiual-ly,  Knl/1 

Delight,  Dlt1 

Christian-ity,  KrsCh 

Continuation,  Knsn1 

Delinquent,  Din1 

Circulate,  s.RKlt 

Continue,  Kn1 

Deliver-ed,  Dl 

Circumference,  sRns 

Continues-ous,  Kns1 

Deliverance,  Dins 

Circumstance,  sTns 

Continuously,  Knsi1 

Democrat-ic-y,  DM 

Circumstantial-ly,  sTn 

Contingent-ly-cy,  TnJ 

Demonstrate,  DMnsTt 

Citizen,  sTzn1 

Contract,  Trt1 

Demonstration  , 

Claim-ed,  Kl 

Contraction,  Trsn1 

[DMnsTtsn 

Clerk,  Kl3 

Contradistinction, 

Demonstrative, 

Collateral-ly,  KltRl8 

[DstNg1 

[DMnsTv 

Collect,  K1K1 

Contradistinguish-ed, 

Denoininate-d,  Dn1 

Collection,  KIKsn1 

[Dst1 

Denomination,  Dnsn1 

Collector,  KIKtr1 

Controversy,  TrVr 

Derivation,  Drvsn1 

Collective-ly,  KIKv1 

Conversation,  Vrssn 

Derive,  Drv1 

Combination,  Bnsn1 

Converse,  Vrs 

Derived,  Drvd1 

Combine,  Bnl 

Conversed,  Vrst 

Describe-d,  sKr1 

Combined,  End1 

Conversion,  Vrsn 

Description,  sKrsn1 

Commercial-ly,  KMr1 

Convert,  Vrt 

Descriptive,  sKrv1 

Commission-ed,  Km1 

Convict,  Vt1 

Designate-d,  DsG 

Commissioner,  KmB1 

Conviction,  Vsn1 

Destitution,  Dstn 

Common  law,  Kl/1 

Correct,  KrlK 

'  Destruction,  DsTrsn 

Commonly,  KL 

Correction,  KHKsn 

Destructive,  DsTrv 

Comparison,  P3.Rsn 

Corrective,  Kr'Kv 

Detach,  DtCh 

Compassion,  Psn 

Corrector,  Kr*Ktr 

Detail,  Dt'L 

Compel,  PI 

Could,  Kd 

Detect,  DfKt 

Compensation,  Pnssn 
Complaint-ed,  Pint 
Completion,  Plsn1 
Compliance,  Pins1 

Could  not,  KdNt 
Could  not  tell,  KdNtL 
Counsel-cil,  Kns3i 
Court,  Krt 
Crime,  Krm1 

Detection,  Dt'Ksn 
Detective,  DtKtV 
Determination,  DTrnsn 
Determine,  DTrn 
Determined,  DTrnd 

Complication,  Plsn 

Criminal-ly-ity,  Krmn1 

Develope,  DvP 

Comply,  PI1 

Crimination,  Krmsn1 

Devolve-d,  WVl 

Comprehend-ed,  Prn1 

Cross  examination, 

DilHcult-y,  Df 

Comprehension,  Prnsu1 

[Krssn1 

Dignify-ty-ied,  DG 

1) 

Especially                                                February                                               Hesitate 

Diligeut-ly,    DIJnt 

Essential-ly,  SN 

Few,  Fw3 

Direct,  Drt 

Establish-ed,  StB 

Financial-ly,  FnN 

Direct  examination, 

Establishment,  StBMnt 

Foreman,  FrMn 

[DrtsMsn 

Esteem,  SVM 

Forever,  Fv 

Direction,  Drsn 

Eternal-ly-ity,  Trn 

Forgive,  FG 

Directly,  Drti 

Every,  Vr 

Forgiven,  FGn 

Disadvantage,  Ds.T 

Everybody,  VrBd 

Forgotten,  Fn 

Discharge-d,  DsCh 

Every  one,  Vrn 

Formal-ly,  F1ML 

Disclaim-ed,  DsKl 

Everything,  VrNg 

Formation,  Fsn1 

Disco  ver-ed-y,  DsK 

Everywhere,  VrR 

Former,  F'Mr 

Discriminate-d,  DsKm 

Evidence,  Yd  or  VdNs 

Formerly,  F'Bl 

Discrimination, 

Exaggerate,  sJrt 

Fortunate,  FZitNt 

[DsKmsu 

Exaggeration,  sJrsn 

Fraud,  Frd1 

Distinct-ly,  DstNgt 

Examination,  sMsn' 

Freedom,  FrdJM 

Distinguish-ed,  Dst 

Examine,  sMn3 

Frequency,  Frn1 

District,  DsTrt 

Examined,  sMnd3 

Frequent-ly,  Frnt1 

District  Att'y,  DsTrN 

Except,  sPt 

Fugitive,  F3Jt 

District  of  Columbia, 

Exception,  sPsn 

Furnish-ed,  Frn 

Divine-ity,  Vn1     [DsKl 

Exchange-d,  KsCh 

Furniture,  FrntR 

Doctor,  Dr 

Exclaim,  sKl 

Further,  Frthr 

Doctrine,  D»Trn 

Exclamation,  sKlMsn 

Domestic,  DMsK 

Exclamatory,  sKlMtR 

Doubtful,  Dt3Fl 
Downright,  T>3Rt 
Down  stairs,  Dnstrs3 
Downward,  D3Wrd 

Executor-y,  GsK 
Executrix,  GsKs 
Exhibit,  sBt1 
Expand,  sPnd3 

Garden,  GrdN 
General-ly-ity,  Jii 
Generalization,  Jnssn 
Generalize  Jns 

Drank,  Dm3 
Drink,  Drn1 
Drunk,  Drn 
Due,  Df/ 
Duration,  Drsn3 
During,  Dark,  Dr3 
Dwell-t-ing,  Dw 

Expanse-ive-ly,  sPns3 
Expansion,  sPnsn3    . 
Expect-d,  sP3 
Expectation,  sPsn3 
Expend-iture,  KsPnd 
Expense-ive-ly,  sPns 
Experience,  sPrns1 

Generalized,  J  nst 
Generation,  Jnsn 
Gentle,  JNtL 
Gentleman,  Jnt 
Gentlemen,  .Jnt1 
Good  deal,  Gd2L 
Good  while,  Gd2J/ 

E 

Experienced,  sPrnst1 
Experiment-ed,  sP,r 

Govern-ed,  Gv 
Governor,  GvR 

Early,  RL 
East  and  west,  St'Wst 
Easterly,  St1!/ 
Eastern,  SVRn 
Editor,  DtR 
Effect,  Ft 
Efficiency,  FsNS 
Efficient,  FsNt 
Either  one,  Dhrn1 
Either  way,  Dura?1 
Electric-al,  LK 
Electricity,  LKsT 
Emphatic-ally,  MFt 
Endeavor-ed,  NDv 
Engage-d,  NG 
England,  Ng'Lnd 

Explain,  sPln 
Explained,  sPliid 
Explanation,  sPlnsn 
Express,  sPrs 
Expressed,  sPrst 
Expression,  sPrsn 
Expressive,  sPrsV 
External-ly,  sTr 
Extinguish-ed,  KsTNg 
Extra,  sTr3 
Extract,  sTrt3 
Extraction,  sTrsn3 
Extraordinary-ily, 
[Kstri 
Extravagant-ly,  sTr\  :l 
Extreme-ly,  sTr1 
Extrinsic,  sTrn1 

Government,  GvMnt 
Grand,  Grnd3 
Grand  jury,  GrdJ3 
Grant,  GrNt3 
Graduate,  GrdT3 
Graduation,  (JrdShu3 
Gratitude,  Grt3Td 
Great  Britain,  GrtBrt 
Great  Brit,  and  Ireland, 
[GrtBrtJBInd 
Great  deal,  Grt2L 
Great  while,  Greatly, 
LGrVL 
Guardian,  GrDn3 
Guilt-y,  Git1 

H 

English,  NglSh 

Enlarge,  NJ3 

TT 

Habit,  Bt3 

Enlarged,  N3Jd 

_r 

Habitual-lv,  Bt3i 

Entire,  NtR 

Fact,  Ft3 

Harvest,  lt3Vst 

Envelope,  NVP 

Familiar-ly-ity,  Fm 

Has  it-the,  Zt3 

Episcopal,  PsK 

Familiarize-d,  Fins 

Health-y,  iTh 

Equal-ly,  Kl1 

Family,  Fm3 

He  did  not,  HdiNt 

Equalization,  Klssn1 

Farther,  Fthr 

He  had  not,  Hd3Nt 

Equalize,  Kls1 

Fashionable-y,  Fs3B 

Henceforth,  NsF 

Equalized,  Klst1 

Favorable-y,  FvB 

Heretofore,  Rt^r 

Especial-ly,  SP 

February,  FB 

Hesitate,  ZTt 

c 

In  respect  to                                        Lastly                                                   Movement 

Hesitation,  ZTsn 

Inscribe,  nsKr1 

Lateral,  it3jRl 

History,  StlR 

Inscription,  nsKrsn1 

Lawyer,  Ltl 

Horticulture,  Bt'Kltr 

Insecure,  nsKr3 

Learn,  irn 

Hospital,  S'PtL 

Insecurity,  nsKrT3 

Learned,  irnd 

Human,  Mn3 

Insignificance,  NsGns1 

Learned,  LrNd 

Insignificant,  NsG1 

Legislate-d-or-ure,  LJ 

Insist,  NssT1 

I/egislation,  i,Jsu 

Insomuch,  NSMCh 

Lengthen,  Ngn 

Idaho,  D!H 

Instead,  NsTd 

Lengthwise,  Ng*Ws 

Imagiiie-ary,  Jn3 

Institute,  NsTt.1 

Liberty,  Br1 

Imagination,  Jnsn3 

Institution,  Nstn1 

Literal-ly,  LtlR\ 

Imaginative,  Jnt3V 

Instruct-ed,  nsTr 

Literature,  Ltlitr 

[or  Jn3Tv 

Instruction,  nsTrsn 

Literary,  LtRR 

Imagined,  Jnd3 

Instructive,  nsTrv 

Longer,  Ngr1 

Immediate-ly,  M*Mt 

Instrument-al-ly, 

Longest,  Ngst1 

Impart,  MPrt3 

[nsTrMnt 

Impel,  MP1 

Intelligence,  NtJns 

M 

Impelled,  MPld 

Intelligent,  NtJnt 

Imperfect,  MPrf  » 

Interest,  NtsT 

Majesty  -ic,  MJ3 

Imperfection,  MPrfsn1 

Interested,  NtsTt1 

Malformation,  MIFsn3 

Import-ant,  MPrt1 

Interiial-ly,  Tr1 

Massachusetts,  MsCh 

Importance,  Imports, 

Interrogatory,  NtG1 

Material-ly,  MtRl 

[MPrts1 

Intersect,  NtsKt 

Mature         Mt3.R 

Improvement, 

Intoxicate,  NtKs1 

Man,  Mn 

[MPr3Mnt 

Intoxicated,  NtKsTd1 

Manner,  Nr 

In  accordance  with, 

Intoxication,  NtKssn1 

Manufactory,  MNFt 

[N'KrdNs 

Intrinsic,  NTrn1 

Manufacture-d,  MNF 

In  all  respects,  NlsPs 

Invitation,  NVtsn1 

Manufacturer,  MXFU 

Inasmuch,  NsCh3 

Involve-d,  NV1 

Manuscript,  MsKPt 

Inconsiderable-y,  nsDr 

Involution,  NVsn1 

Meantime,  MnM1 

Inconsiderate,  NsD/ft 

Irreligious.  RrlJs 

Measure,  Zhr 

Inconsideration.nsDrsn 

Isit-the,  Zti 

Measui-ed,  Zhrd 

Inconsistent,  NssTnt1 

Island,  pind1 

Mechanic-al,  MKn 

Independent,  NdPnd 

Melancholy,  M_Ln 

Indifferent-ce,  NDf1 

J 

Member,  Br 

Indian  Territory, 
[NdTfit 
Indignation,  NdGnsn1 
Indignant,  NdG1 
Indiscriminate,  NDsKm 

January,  JN 
Joint  stock  company, 
[JtsiRK 
Judicatory,  JdKTr 

Memoranda,  Mm2D 
Memorandum,  Mm 
Men,  Mni 
Mental-ly,  Mnt 
Mention,  Msn 

Indispensible-y, 
[NdsPns 

Judicature,  JdKtr 
Judicial-ly,  JdShl 

Mentioned,  Msnd 
Mercantile,  MrL 

Individual-ly,  NdVd1 

Judicious,  JdSh 

Merchandise,  MrChs 

Inexperience,  nsPrns1 
Inexperienced.nsPrnst1 
Inference,  NFJJns 
Inferential-ly,  NFBn 
Influence,  Ns1 
Influenced,  Nst1 

June,  Jn3 
Junior,  Jury,  Jr3 
Jurisdiction,  JrsDsn 
Jurisprudence,  JrsP 
Justice  of  the  Peace, 
Justification,  Jsn    [JsP 

Merchant,  MrCh 
Mere,  Mr1 
Messenger,  MsJr 
Methodism,  MsM1 
Metropolitan,  MtRP 
Mexico,  MsK 

Influences,  Nss1 

Juvenile,  Jv3 

Michigan,  MSh 

Influential-ly,  NS/il1 

Microscope,  MsKP 

Inform-ed,  NF 

Minister-try,  MnsT 

Inforinal-ly,  NF»MI, 
Information,  NFsn  or 
Inhabit,  NBt3        [Nan' 

Kentucky,  KntK 
Knowledge,  NJ 

Ministrate,  MnsTt1 
Minimum,  Mm1 
Misdemeanor,  MsD 

In  order  to,  Nrdr1 

T 

Misses,  MssJ 

Inquire-y,  NKr1 

lj 

Mistake,  MsK 

Inquired,  NKrd1 

Landlord,  ind3Rd 

Mistaken,  MsKn 

In  reference  to,  NrF 

Largely,  Jl3 

Mistook,  Ms3K 

In  regard  to,  Nrd1 

Larger,  Jr3 

Monstrous,  MsTs1 

In  relation  to,  Nrsn1 

Largest,  Jst3 

Montana,  MntN1 

In  respect  of,  NrsPf 

Last  week,  is3K 

Mortgage-d,  MrG1 

In  respect  to,  NrsP 
d 

Lastly,  Ls3L 

Movement,  M3Mnt 

Occupancy                                          Philadelphia                                                Put  off 

Much  more,  Ch3M 

Occupant,  Put1 

Phj-sician  and  surgeon. 

Mutual-ly,MtLa 

Occupation,  Psn1 

Plaintiff,  Pint1     [FssJn 

Mr.,  Mstr1  or  Mr1 

Occupied,  Pd1 

Pleasure,  Zhr3 

Mrs.,  MsZ  or  Mrs1 

October,  KtBr 

Plenty,  Pint 

Occurrence,  Krns 

Politic,  Pl^K 

N 

Once  more,  WsM 

Political,  PWKl 

Once  or  twice,     WsTs 

Politician,  Plt^hn 

Natural-ly,  NtRl3 

One  or  two,  'VYrt 

Popular-ly-ity,  PP 

Naturalist-ized,  Ntl?lst3 

On  either  hand,  Dhrnd1 

Portable,  PJRtBl 

Naturalization,  NtRlsn3 

On  one  hand,  cftWnd 

Portion,  PBsn 

Naturalize,  XtRls3 

On  the  other  hand, 

Position,  Pssn 

Near,  Nor,  Nr1 

[Dhrnd 

Positively,  Pst1 

Necessitate,  NssTt 

Operation,  PlRsn 

Possess,  Pss3 

Neglect  -ed,  Git 

Opportunity,  Prt 

Possession,  Pssn3 

Negligence,  Gins 

Opposition,  Pssn1 

Possessor,  Pss3R 

Negligent-ly.  Glnt 

Ordinary,  RfrNr 

Possible-y-ity,  Ps1 

Negotiate,  NGst 

Organ,  Gn1 

Postage,  PsJ 

Negotiated,  NGsTt 

Organic,  GnK1 

Post  mortem,  PsM 

Neighborhood,  NBrd 

Organization,  Gnssn1 

Poverty,  Pv1 

Neutral-ly,  N'tRl3 

Organize,  Gns1 

Practicable-ity, 

Never,  NY 

Organized,  Gnst1 

[Pr3KtBl 

Nevertheless,  NYtLs 

Organizer,  Gn^tl 

Practical-lv,  Pr3Kt 

New  Hampshire, 

Organism,  GsM1 

Practice,  Pr3 

[NMShr3 

Original  -ly-ate-d,  RJ 

Practiced,  Prst3 

New  Jersey,  NJZ 

Ornament-ed-al, 

Prejudice-d,  PrJ 

New  Mexico,  NMsK 

[Jfn1Mnt 

Preliminary-ily,  Pr^m 

New  Orleans,  N.Rlns3 

Other  one,  Dhrn 

Prepare,  PrPr 

New  York,  NY 

Other  way,  Dhrw?         • 

Preponderance,  PrnNs 

Next,  Nst 

Otherwise,  Dhrs1 

Preponderate-d,  Prn 

Next  day,  Ns2D 

Over,  Yr1 

Prescribe-d,  gKr 

Next  month,  Ns2Th 

Prescription,  sKrsn 

Next  time,  Ns-M 

P 

Prescriptive,  sKrv 

Next  week,  Ns2K 

Preservation,  PrsRsn 

Next  year,  Ns2Y 

Parallel,  P3R1L 

Preservative.  PrsBtV 

Nominate-d,  Nm1 

Paralysis,  P3.Rlss 

Preserve,  Prs.R 

Nomination,  Nmsn1 
Nobody,  NBd 
None,  N'n 

Paralyze,  P3R\s 
Particular-ly-ity,  Prt1 
Passenger,  PsJr 

Pretty,  Prt 
Principle-al-ly,  Prn 
Privilege,  PrvJ 

NII  nne,  Nn 

Passion,  Psn3 

Probable-y-ity,  PrB 

No  other,  Nj        [NrsTh 

Pasture,  Pstr3 

Production,  PrDsn 

North  and  South, 

Patent,  Pt3 

Productive,  PrDv 

North  Carolina,  NrKrL 

Patentee,  Pt3T 

Professor,  Prf1 

North  Dakota,  NrDK 
Northerly,  NrthrL 

Patent  right,  Pt3m 
Peculiar-ly-ity,  PK 

Proficient-ly-cy,  PrfS/i 
Profit,  Prft1 

Northern,  NrDhn 
Notify,  NtF1 
Notwithstanding, 

Pecuniary-ily,  P3Kn 
Penetrate,  Pnt 
Pennsylvania,  Pn 

Profitable-y,  Prft^ 
Promulgate,  PrMGt 
Proof,  Prf 

[NtsTnd1 

Pension,  Pnsn 

Proper,  Pr1 

November,  NV 

Now,  Np 

People,  PI 
Perfect-ly,  Prf1 

Properly,  Pr1!, 
Propose,  PrPs 

Perfected,  PrfJKt 

Propriety,  PrJPrt 

o 

Perfection.  Prfsn1 

Proud,  Prd3 

Perform-ed,  Pf 

Prove,  Prv 

Objection,  Jsn1 
Objectionable-y,  JsJB 

Performance,  PfNs 
Performer,  PfR 

Providence,  Dns3 
Provident,  Dnt3 

Objective-ly,  Jv1 
Obligation,  Blsn1 
Observance,  BsBns 

Perhaps,  PrPs 
Perpendicular-ly-ity, 
Person,  Prsn          [PRP 

Providential,  Dn3 
Public-ly,  PB 
Publication,  PBsn 

Observation,  Bs_Rsn 
Observe-d.  BsB 
Obstruct,  BsTrt 
Obstruction,  BsTrsn 

Personal-ly,  PrsL 
Perspective,  PrsP 
Perspicuous,  PBsP 
Pertinent,  PBtNnt 

Publish-ed,  PB 
Punish-ed-ment,  Pn3 
Purpose,  P.RPs  or  Pr 
Put  forth.  Pf3 

Occupancy,  Pn*S 

Philadelphia,  FldF 

Put  off,  P3F 

e 

Reservation                                         Speaker                                                 Testimony 

Reserve-d,  BsB 

Special-ly,  sP 

Resignation,  RsG 

Spirit,  sPrt1 

Qualification,  KlFsn 

Resolution,  Bssn3 

Spiritual-ly,  sPrt^i 

Quality,  K1F 

Respect-ed,  BsP 

Spiritualism,  sPrt1isM 

Quality,  KIT 

Respect;ve-ly,  BsPv 

Spoke,  sP 

Quarter,  Kw1 

Respectful-ly,  BsPFl 

Spoken,  sPn 

Quantitative,  KwntJV 
Quantity,  Kwnt1 

Responsible-y-ity, 
[BsPns 

Spontaneous-lv,  sPnt1 
Startle,  stRt3i 

Question,  Kw 

Retrospect,  RtRsP 

Stockbroker,  stKBr 

Quite,  Kt1 

Return,  RtBn 

Stockholder,  stKLur 

Revelation,  BVsn 

Stranger,  sTrJr 

Revenue,  Reverend, 

Strength,  sTr 

[BV 

Subdivide,  sBdVd 

Rail,  Roll,  Bl 

Revolve-d-er,  BV1 

Subdivision,  sBdVsn 

Railroad,  Br 

Rhode  I  sland,  BDind 

Subject,  sB 

Railroad  accident, 

Right  angle,  BtGl1 

Subjected,  sBd 

[BrsDnt 

Roman  Catholic,  BKTb 

Subjection,  sBsn 

Railroad  stock,  BrsK 

Rule,  Bl3 

Subjective-ly,  sBv 

Railway,  Bw 

Ruled,  Bid3 

Sufficiency,  sFsNS 

Railway  stock,  BwsK 

Sufficient,  sFsX  t 

Real  estate,  BlsTt 

s 

Suggest-ed-ion,  sJ 

Realization,  Blssn1 

^-/ 

Suggestive,  sJ  v 

Realize,  Bis1 

San  Francisco,  sNssK 

Suit,  sT3 

Realized,  Blst1 

Satisfaction,  sTssn8 

Summon,  Some  one, 

Reality,  BIT 

Satisfactorily,  sTs3i 

[sMn 

Realty,  BIT' 

Satisfactory,  sTs3B 

Subordinate.  sBr1 

Reason,  Bsn1 

Satisfies,  sTss3 

Subordination,  sBisii1 

Reasonable-y,  BsJB 

Satisf  y-ied,  sTs3 

Subpoena-ed,  sB 

Recollection,  Bsn 

Saturday,  sTBD 

Subscribe-d-r,  sB1 

Recoverable,  B3B1 

Secure,  sKr3 

Subscription,  Sbsn1 

Refer,  Bf 

September,  sPtM 

Substantial-ly,  slisTn 

Referred,  Bf  d 

Serve,  sBv 

Substitute.  sBs'lt 

Reference,  Bns 

Set,  sT 

Substitution,  sltstn 

Reform,  BF 

Set  forth,  sTf 

Superficial-ly,  sPrfSh3 

Reformation,  BFsn 

Set  off,  sTt1 

Superintend-ent, 

Regeneration,  BJnsn 

Settle,  Sti  or  sTl 

[sPrntNd 

Regular-ly-ate-d,  BG 

Several,  sV 

Superstructure,  sPrsTr 

Regulation,  BGlsn 

Sight,  sT1 

Suppress,  sPrs3 

Relate,  Rolled,  Bid 

Signature,  sG1 

Suppression,  sPrsn3 

Relation,  Blsn 

Significance,  sGns1 

Supreme,  sPr1 

Release,  Bis 

Signification,  sGnsn1 

Surprise,  sPrs1 

Released,  Bist 

Significant,  sGnt1 

Swear,  sW3 

Relevancy,  BlVn 

Signify,  sG1 

Swore,  sW 

Reliance,  Bins1 

Similar-ity,  sM1 

Sworn,  sWn 

Relied    Bldi 

Similarly,  sML 

Sympathize,  sMThs 

Religion,  Jn1 

Single-  ular-ly-ity,  sNg1 

Sympathy,  sMTh 

Religious,  Js1 

Singly,  sNgL 

Synonymous,  sNn1 

Relinquish-ed,  Bin1 

Sister  in  law,  Sstrni1 

System,  ssT 

Rely,  Bl1 

Situate,  sCh1 

Remain,  RMn 

Situation,  sChsn1 

T 

Remark,  Mr1 

Somebody,  sM2Bd 

Remarkable-y,  MrBl 

Something,  sMXjr 

Technical-ly,  TK 

Remarked,  Mrt1 

Sometime,  sMm 

Telegraph-ic,  TIGr 

Remembrance,  Bras 

Somewhat,  sMt1 

Telegram,  TIGrm 

Represent-ed,  BP 

Sought,  sT1 

Telephone,  TiFn 

Representation,  BPsn 

South  Carolina,  sKrLN 

Temper,  TPr 

Representative,  BPv 

South  Dakota,  sDK 

Temperance,  TPrns 

Republican,  BPBn 

Southeastern,  sThstrn3 

Temperate,  TPrt 

Republic-lish-ed.  BPB 

Southerly,  Sthri 

Temperature,  TPrtr 

Repugnant-cy,  BPG 

Southern,  sDhn 

Tennessee,  TnS 

Require,  BKr 

Southwestern,  sWstrn3 

Testament.  TsMnt 

Required,  BKrd 

Speak,  Speech,  sP1 

Testifv,  TsF 

Reservation,  BsBsn 

Speaker,  sPJR 

Testimony,  Ts.MX 

Typewriting                                               Weekly                                                Youngster 

Tension,  Tnsn 

TT 

Welcome,  W1K 

Thenceforth.  DhsF 

u 

Westerly,  \\*L 

Theoretical,  Th/ttKl 

Ultimate,  LtMt 

Western,  Wstrn 

Therefor-fore,  RF 

Unanimous,  YnXMs 

Westward,  WsWd 

These,  Dhs1 

Unconsidered,  nsDrd 

Wharf,  W7?f 

This,  Dhs 

Undergo,  NdG 

Whatever,  Tf1 

Those,  Dhs3 

("nderstand,  NdsTnd 

Whereabout,  R»Bt 

Thousand,  Ths3 

Understood,  NdsTd 

Whereas,  Rs3 

Throttle,  Thrt'L 

Undertake,  NdK 

Wherefore,  RFr 

Thursday,  ThrsD 

Undertaken,  NdKn 

Wisdom,  ZdJM 

Thwart,  Th1  Wrt 

Undertook,  NdT3 

Withdraw.  Dh]Dr 

Timber,  TBr 
Timelv,  ML 

Uniform-ed-ly-ity, 
Union,  Yn3N        [Yn3F 

Withhold,  Dl^Ld 
Within,  Dim1 

Title,  T'Tl 

United  States,  Yss3 

With  interest,  Dhnt1 

Today,  p'D 
Tomorrow,  ],<M7? 

Universe-al-ly,  Yn3V 
University,  Yn3VsT 

Without  interest,  Wnt1 
Without  regard  to, 

Torment,  Ti^Mnt 

Unless,  Nls 

[Wrd1 

Torn,  Turn,  TRn 

Until,  NtL 

Without  relation  to. 

Torpor,  Tr1  Pi- 

Unusual-ly,  NZh   ^_ 

[Wrsn1 

Tort,  T'7?t 

l"i>  stairs,  Pstrs 

With  reference  to. 

Tolerate,  Tl'7tt 

I'fah,  i/T3 

[Dhrfior  Dhr'F 

Total,  TT1 

With  regard  to,  Dhrd1 

Toward,  Trd 

v 

With  relation  to. 

Township.  Tns3Sh 

[Dhrsn1 

Townsman,  Ts3Mn 

Value,  VI3 

Withstand,  Dhs'Tnd 

Tract,  Trt 

Vanish,  Vn3S7i 

Witness,  W^Xso/'Wt1 

Trade,  Trd 

Variation,  V7?sn 

Woman,  irMn 

Trade-mark,  TrdM 

Various,  Verse,  Vfis 

Women,  it-Mil1 

Tradesman.  TrdsMn 

Verdict,  Vrd 

Word,  Wrd 

Transaction,  Trnssn3 

Vei-sed,  VTfst 

Work,  Wr 

Transatlantic,  TrsX/ntK 

Version,  V.Rsn 

Workman,  WrMn 

Transcript,  TrsKPt 

Very,  Yr 

Workmanlike,  WrI/K 

Transition,  Trnssn1 
Transfer-red,  TrsF 

Vicissitude,  Vss'Td 
Vindication,  VndKsn1 

Workmanship. 

World,  7>'ld    "[WrMnSh 

Transforrn-ed,  Tr^F 

Vindictive,  Vnd'KtV 

Worship.  WHSh 

Translation.  Trsl/sn 

Vitiate,  V'Sht 

Worthless,  This 

Transparent,  Trs3Pt 

Vocabulary,  VKBLR 

Written,  7ft1  N 

Transplant.  Trs3Plnt 
Transverse,  Trs3Vrs 

Voluntary,  Vln1 
Vulgar,  VIGr 

Y 

Treasurer,  TrsR 
Treasurv,  TrsR 
Trustworthy,  TrsDh 

w 

Wages,  ifJs 

Yearly,  Y1!, 
Y'ear  or  two,  Yrt1 
Yesterday,  YstrD 

True.  Tr3 

Walk,  wK1 

Y'es,  sir.   Ys-. 

Truth,  Tr 

Wanton,  Wnt'X 

Yield.  Yld1 

Truthful,  Trf 

Was  it-the,  Zt 

Younger,  Yr 

Typewriter.  T7rtr 

Wealth-y.  Wl 

Youngest,  Ysi 

Ty]  K.-writing-,  T7ttXg 

Weekly,  wK\l 

Youngster,  Y>tr 

INITIALS. 

In  writing  proper  names,  the  consonant  stems  may  be  used  for  initials, 

except  for  C,  Q  and  X,  which  may  be  indicated  by  the  ordinary  script  let  i 

made  very  small.    Gay  should  be  used  for  both  the  whispered  and  vocal 

sounds  of   G.    The  vowels,  when  used  for  initials,  are  written  as  indicated 

below.    It  is  unnecessary  to  place  periods  after  initials,  but  it  is  well  to 

underscore  the  whole  name  with  a  single  straight  line. 

.       A                      E                         I             ,        0             n      U 

a 

SIMILAR   WORDS   DISTINGUISHED. 

Apostle,  Ps'L 
Epistle,  Ps'L 

Attainable,  TnB 
Tenable,  TNB1 

Volition,  V'Lsn 
Violation,  VLsn 

Postal,  PsL 

Patient,  PShnt 
Compassionate,  PsNt 

Contractor,  Trt'R 
Trader,  TrdR 
Traitor,  Trtr 

Evolution,  V3Lsn 
Convulsion,  Vlsn 
Valuation,  Vlsn3 

Passionate,  Ps3Nt 

Territory,  TrtR 

Voluble,  VI'  Bl 

Valuable   VIs  Bl 

Opposition,  Pssn1 

Train,  Trn 

Available,  VLB1 

Position.  Pssn 

Turn,  TRn 

Possession,  Pssn3 

Vocation,  VKsn 

Apposition    'Pssn3 

Daughter,  Dtr1 
Debtor.  Dtr 

AvocatioB,  V3Ksn 

Pertain,  PfltN 

Auditor,  Dt'R 

Eastern,  Historian, 

Appertain,  P3BtN 

Auditory.  Dt'fl 

Astern,  StRn       LSt'Bn 

Puritan,  Pa.RTn 

Editor.  DtR 

Stearine,  st/Jn1 

Preparation.  PrPrsn 
Appropriation,  Pr3Prsn 

Doubter,  Dt3R 
Dietary,  D'TR 

Stern,  stRn 
Con-strain,  sTrn 
Citron  sT'J^n 

Proportion,  PrPfisn 

Dilation,  D'Lsn  [DLsn 

Saturn,  sT3.Rn 

Prediction.  Prt'Ksn 
Protection,  PrtKsn 
Production  PrOsn 

Delusion.  Dilution, 
Adulation,  D3Lsn 

Deceased,  DSst 

Altitude,  LtTD 
Latitude,  Lt3Td 

Predication.  PrDKsn 

Diseased,  DsZd 

Alcohol,  LKL 

Alkali,  LKL 

Prosecute,  Prs'Kt 

Domination,  Dm'Nsn 

Persecute,  PflsKt 

Condemnation,  DmNsn 

Writer,  .Rtr1 

Prompt,  Prmt1 

Damnation,  Dm3Nsn 
Diminution,  DJMNsn 

Reader,  RDr 
Orator,  RtJR 

Permit,  Pr'Mt 
Promote,  PrMt 

Dimension,  DMNsn 
Admonition,  DMnShn 

Oratory,  Rt'U 
Oratorio,  Rt"R' 

Proximate,  Prs'Mt 

Derision,  Drsn' 

Rioter,  R1TR 

Approximate,  Pr>K8 

Direction,  Drsn 

Radiant,  BDnt 

Duration,  Drsn3 

Ardent,  B3Dnt 

Prominent,  Prm'Nnt 
Preeminent,  Pr'MnNt 

Adoration,  D3.Rsn 

Hardened,  c?iRd3Nd 

Permanent,  PrMNNt 

Causation,  Kssn1 

In  fact,  N'Ft 

Paramount,  Pr3Mnt 

Accession,  Kssn 

In  effect,  NFt 

Accusation,  Kssn3 

Spirit,  sPrt' 

Indication,  NdJKsn 

Separate,  sPrt 

Extension,  sTnsn 

Induction.  NDsn 

Support,  Sport,  sPBt 

Extenuation,  sTnYsn 

Intoxication,  Nt'Kssn 

Special-ly,  sP 
Especial-ly,  SP 

Beautify,  Bt3F 
Beatify,  BTF 

Business,  Bss1 

Collision,  Klsn1 
Coalition,  KLsn 
Collusion,  KLsn3 

Credence,  KrDns 
Accordance,  Krt'Ns 

Invasion,  NVsn 
Innovation,  NNVsn 

Indicted,  N'Dtr 
Indebted,  NdTt 
Undated,  NDtr 
Undoubted,  N3Dtr 

Baseness,  BsNs 
Absence,  Bs3Ns 

Garden,  GrdN 
Guardian,  GrDn3 

Undefined,  NDf'Nd 
Indefinite,  NDfNt 

Abundant,  BndNt 
Abandoned,  Bn3Dnd 

Favored,  FfRd 
Favorite,  Ffflt 

Ingenious,  N.TNs 
Ingenuous,  NJNYs 

Birth,  BRTh 

Physical,  Fs'Kl 

Unavoidable,  NVd'Bl 

Breath,  BrTh 

Fiscal,  Fs'KL 

Inevitable,  NVTB1 

64 

POSITIVE  AND   NEGATIVE   WORDS. 

Advisable,  Dv'B 
Inadvisable,  XDv'B 

Dignified,  DG 
Undignified,  NDG 

Prudent,  Pr'Dnt 
Imprudent,  MPr3Dnt 

Appear,  Pr1 

EflBcient,  FsNt 

Pure,  F"B 

Disappear,  Ds'Pr 

Ineftlcient,  NFsNt 

Impure,  MP3R 

Artificial,  RtarsL 

Elegant,  LGnt 

Qualified,  KlFd» 

Inartificial,  NrfFsL 

Inelegant,  NLGnt 

Disqualified,  Ds'KlFd 

Balanced,  Blnst* 

Glorious,  Gls,  or  GIRs 

Unqualified,  NKlFd» 

Unbalanced,  N  Blnst' 

Inglorious,  NGls,  or 

Questioned,  Kw 

Broken,  BrKn 

[NGlBs 

Unquestioned,  NKw 

Unbroken,  NBrKn 

Important,  MPrt1 

Rational,  Rsni 

Ceremonious,  sRMNs 

Unimportant,  NMPrt1 

Irrational,  RsL 

Unceremonious, 
[osRMNl 

Legal,  LGl 
Illegal,  DGl 

Redeemed,  JJJDmd 
Unredeemed,  NrDmd1 

Changeable,  ChBl 

Legitimate,  I/JtMt 

Reduced,  B3Dst 

Unchangeable,  NChBl 

Illegitimate,  I/lJtMt 

Unreduced,  NrDst3 

Civil,  sVl» 

Liberal,  Z/BrI/ 

Regular,  RG 

Uncivil,  nsVl1 

Illiberal,  LIBrL 

Irregular,  RG 

Comfort,  Frt 

Logical,  J/JK1 

Relevant,  RIVnt 

Discomfort,  Ds-Frt 

Illogical,  ilJKl 

Irrelevant,  Rl/Vnt 

Competent,  P'Tnt 

Material,  MtRl 

Respective,  RsPv 

Incompetent,  N-Tnt 

Immaterial,  MMtRl 

Irrespective,  RsPv 

Complete,  Pit1 

Mature,  MtJ?3 

Responsible,  UsPns 

Incomplete,  N-Plt1 

Immature,  MMtfi8 

Irresponsible,  RsPns 

Conscious,  Shs 

Mortal,  Mm'L 

Resolute,  RsLt 

Unconscious,  N-Sbs 

Immortal,  MMJZt'L 

Irresolute,  RsLt 

Conceive,  sVl 

Noxious,  NKShs 

Satisfied,  sTb3 

Misconceive,  Ms-sV1 

Innoxious,  NNKShs 

Dissatisfied,  Dss3Ts 

Connect,  Kn2 

Numbered,  Brd3 

Unsatisfied,  NsTs3 

Disconnect,  DsKn2 

Unnumbered,  NBrd3 

Significant,  sG1 

Considered,  sDrd 
Unconsidered,  nsDrd 

Considerable,  sDr 
Inconsiderable,  nsDr 

Considerate,  sDJ?t 

Organic,  GnK1 
Inorganic,  NGnK1 

Organized,  Gnst1 
Disorganized,  Ds'Gnst 
Unorganized,  NGnst1 

Insignificant,  NsG1 

Similar,  sM1 
Dissimilar,  Dss'M 

Solvent,  sl/'Vnt 
Insolvent,  NsL'Vnt 

Inconsiderate,  NsDRt 
Continue,  Kn1 

Partial,  Pr3Shl 
Impartial,  MPr3Shl 

Spoken,  sPn 
Lnspoken,  NsPn 

Discontinue,  Ds1Kn 

Consistent,  ssTnt1 
Inconsistent,  NssTnt1 
Defined,  Df'Nd 
Undefined,  NDf'Nd 

Perfect,  Prf  l 
Imperfect,  MPrf1 

Polite,  PiLt 
Impolite,  MP'I/t 

SuflBcient,  sFsNt 
Insufficient,  NsFsXt 

Understood,  NdsTd 
Misunderstood, 
[MsNdsTd 

Definite,  DfNt 
Indefinite,  NDfNt 
Determined,  DTrnd 

Practicable,  Pr3KtBl 
Impracticable, 
[MPr3KtBl 

Variable,  VBB1 
Invariable,  XVBB1 

Undetermined,NDTrnd 
Destructible,  DsTrtBl 

Proper,  Pr1 
Improper,  MPr1 

Washed,  U'Sht1 
LTnwashed,  NwSht1 

Indestructible, 

Profitable,  Prft^ 

Worthy,  Dh 

[X  DsTrtBl 

Unprofitable,  NPrft'B 

Unworthy,  NDh 

86 

OUTLINES  FOR  IMPORTANT  WORDS. 

A     A,  An,  or  And  ia 

Apparent    PRnt               Bountiful-ly    BntFS 

Contrivance   TrvNs  1 

.  indicated  by  a  K- 

Appertain    PRtN  3          Breadth    BrdTh 

Control    TrL 

tick,  iu  phrasing.    In 

Appointment  PntMntl    Breath    BrTh 

Conversant    VrsNt 

a  very  few   instances 

Approbation    PrBsnS    Brilliant    Brint 

Co-opeia'e    KPRt  1 

the    T-tick   is    used 
where  the  K-tick  will 

Appreciate    PrSht          Brilliancy    BrLnS 
Approach    PrCh              Builder    BldR 

Co-operation  KPRsnl 
Cordial-ly    KrDi 

not  make   a    distinct 

Approximate  PrKs1          Burdensome    BrdsM 

Corporeal    KrPRl 

angle  with  the  stem. 

Aptitude    PtTt  3 

Credence    KrDns 

Arbitrary    RBtRR 

C    Cabinet    KB  3 

Credulity    KrDLT  3 

Abruptness   BRPt 

Ardent    RDntS 

.  Calculable    KiBl  3 

Criticise    KrtsZ 

Absolute    BsLt  3 

Aristocratcy  RsTK 

Call  forth    Klf  1 

Criticism    KrtssM 

Abstinence    BsTnNa 

Arithmetic    RThMt 

Campaign    KPn 

Culpable-y    K1B1 

Absurd-ity    BsRtS 

Arrange    RnJ 

Candidate    KndDt 

Cupidity    KPtT 

Abject    BJt  3 

Arouse    Rs  3 

Canonical    KnNKll 

Curiosity    KRsT  3 

Accessible-y-ity  KssBS 
Accessory-ary    KssJS3 
Accidental    sDnt  3 

Article    RtKl 
Articulate    RtKlt 
Artmcial-ly    RtFsL 

Capital-ly    KPtL 
Catalogue    KtiG 
Cautious    KShsl 

Curious    KRs3 
Cui-sory    KrsR 

Accordance    KrdNs  1 

Ascend-t,  Assent,    Snt 

Capricious-ly    KPrSh 

D    Damnation 

Accredit    KrDt  3 

Ascribe    SKr 

Catholicism    KThs.U 

[DmNsn  3 

Accurate    Krt  3 

Ascription    SKrsn 

Celebrate-ity    siBrt 

Daughter    Dtr  1 

Accuracy    KrS  3 

Aspect    !SPt3 

Censure    sNSftr 

Debenture    DBnt 

Acquire    KwR  1 
Acquired    KwRd  1 

Aspersion    SPrsn 
Aspiration    SPRsn 

Chaplain    ChPln  3 
Charitable-y    Chrt 

Deceptive    DsPtV 
Declaim    DK11I 

Acquit    Kwt  1 

Assert    Srt 

Chastity    ChsTT 

Declension    DKlnsn 

Acquittance    KwtNs  1 

Assert  ion    Srsn 

Cheerful-ly    Chrf  1 

Declination    DKlNsn, 

Actuate    KtT  3 

Assiduity    SDT 

Childhood    ChldHd  1 

Debility    D-B 

Adequate    DKwt  3 

Assimilate    SMLt 

Chimerical    KmRKI 

Decease    DSs  1 

Admiralty    DSIRltS 

Assistance    SsTus 

Christianize    KrsChns 

Defense    DfNs 

Admit    DMt 

Associate    SSht 

Circuit   sliKt 

Deficiency    DfSh 

Admonish    DMnSh 

Association  SShsn 

Circular    sRKlR 

Degenerate    DJn 

Advancement  DsMnt  3 

Attendance    TndNs 

Circulation    sRKlsn 

Degeneration    DJnsn 

Adventure    DvNtr 

Audacious-ly    DSh 

Clear    KIR  1 

Degrade    DGrd 

Adversity    DVrsT  3 

Audacity    DsT  3 

Coalition    KLsn  1 

Degradation     DGrdsu 

Advert    DVrtS 

Auditor    DtKl 

Colonist    KlNstl 

Deject    DJt 

Advocate    DvKt  3 

Auditory    DtR  1 

Colonisation  KINssn  1 

Dejection    DJsn 

Affirmative    FrMtVS 

Augment    GMnt  1 

Colony    K1N1 

Deliberate    DIBrt 

Affluence  -FlNsS 

Auxiliary    K.sLB 

Comfort    Frt 

Delicate    DIKt 

Affluent   -FlNtS 

Available    ViBl 

Communicate    NKt  3 

Delicacy    D1KS 

Afterward    FWrd  3 

Avaricious    VrShs  3 

Communication  NKsn 

Delusion    DLsu 

Aggregate    GrGT  3 

Avenge    VNJ 

Community    Nt  3 

Demoralization 

Aggregation    GrGsn 
Agriculturist    GrKlst 

Average    VrJ  3 
Avocation    VKsnS 

Commonest    Kst  1 
Compliment    PlMiit 

[DMRlssn  1 
Demoralize    DMA'ls  1 

Alarm    LRm  3 

Avoid    Vd  1 

Complete    Pit  1 

Denounce    DnAs 

Alarmed    LRmd  3 

Avoidance    VdNB  1 

Conceal    sL  1 

DeuunciatioJi 

Aliment    LMnt  3 

Awaken    WKn 

Concentrate    sNTrt 

(DnNssn 

Alleviate     LVtl 

Aware    WR 

Concession    Knssn  1 

Depart    DPrt 

Alleviation     iVsn  1 

Conciliate    sZ,Tl 

Department   DPrtMnt 

Alliteration    LtRsn  1 

BBaptist-ize    BP 

Condemnation 

Depcnd-ent    DPnd 

Alphabet    iFBt 

.  Baptism    BPsM 

[DmNsn 

Deponent    DPnNt 

Although    6Dh 

Barbarity    Br-B 

Condensation    Dnssii 

Depraved    DPrvt 

Altitude    LtTD 

Barbarous    BRBrs  3 

Contormable-y 

Depravity    DPrvT 

Amanuensis-ses  MuNss 

Barometer    BrMtr 

FrMBI  1 

Deprecate    DPrKt 

Ambiguity    MBG 

Beatify    BTF 

Congenial    JNL  1 

Depreciate    DPrSht 

Ameliorate    MLBt  1 

Beauteous    BTS  3 

Congestion    Jstn 

Derange    DrNJ 

Ammunition    MNsn  3 

Beautify    BtF  3 

Congratulate    GrtLtS 

Deride    Drd  1 

Amusement    MsMntS 

Beautiful-ly    BtFIS 

Conjunction    JNgsu  1 

Derision    Drsn  1 

Analogy    N1J  3 

Behalf    BF 

Conscience    Shns 

Derogate    DrGt 

Anchor    NgKr  3 

Behave    BV 

Conscientious  ShNShs 

Descend-t    DsNt 

Anger-y    Ngr3 

Behavior    BVR 

Conscious    Shs 

Deserve    DsR 

Anguish    NgSh  3 

Benefaction    BnFsn 

Conservative    sRVtV 

Desideratum    DsDrtM 

Annoy  ar.ce    NNs  1 

Benefactor    BnFtr 

Consist    ssTl 

Desire    DsR 

Annual-ly    NL  3 

Benignant   BNG          '  Consolation    sLsn 

Desolate    Dsit 

Anonymous    NnMs  1 

Bespeak    BsPl              !  Conspicuous    t.PKl 

Desperate    DsPrt 

Antagonism    NtGsM  3 

Beware    BwR                  Constant    sTntl 

Desperation    DsPrsn 

Anterior    NTRR3 

Bigot-ry    BGt  1 

CoustitutionaHy 

Despicable-y    DsP 

Antiquarian   NtKwRn 
Antique    NtK  1 

Bill  of  sale   BlsLl 
Biography-cr    BGr  1 

[Knstni  1 
Constitutiona  Tity 

Dospond-eutcy 
IDsPndl 

Antiquity    NtKT 

Bishop-ric    BS/i  1                                  fKnistnit  1 

Despotism    DsPtsM 

Anxiety    NgsT 

Birth    BRTh                     Consumption    sMsn 

Destructible    DsTrtBl 

Anxious    NgShs 

Board    Brd                       Contaminate    TmNt  3 

Detestable-  v    DTst 

Apartment    PrtMntS 

Board  of  trade  BrdTrc    Contend    Tnd  1 

Detract    DTrt  3 

Aperture    PRtr  3 

Bounty    BnT3                Contention   Tusnl 

Detractiou    DTrsn  3 

66 

OUTLINES  FOR  IMPORTANT  WORDS.                            67 

Detriraent-al    DTrMnt 

Entertainment                 Fertile    FrtL 

Hereditament 

Diametrical-ly 
[DMtKl  1 

[NtTMnt    Fertility    FrtLt 
Entire    NtR                      FideUty    F-D  1 

[HrdMnt  1 
Hereditary    HntR  1 

Diction    DKsn  1 

Equator    Kwtr                  Final-ly    FX1  1 

Herewith    Rir  1 

Differential    DFrnl 

Equatorial    KwtKl          Finality    FXlt 

Heroine  chBa  1 

Dilution    DAsn 

Equivalent    KwV            Finish    FnfiA 

Higher,  Hi-  e    c/iRl 

Diminish    DMXSh 

Error   Rr                         Firm    Frm 

Highest   chStl 

Diminution  DMXsn  1 

Erroneous    RrXs              Fiscal    FsKLl 

Highly   chLl 

Diplomacy    DP1MS 

Escape    SKP                      Flexible-y-ity  FlKsB 

Highway    cAW 

Diplomafr-ic    DPIMt 

Essence    SXs                    Fluent    FIX: 

Historian    8tRn  1 

Director    DrtR 

Estimate    StMt                 Foolish    FiSh  3 

Hitherto    DhrTl 

Disappoint-  ment 

Estimation    StMsn           Foretell    FT1 

Honestly    XstL 

[DsPnt  1 

Eulogy    ZJ3                    Foretold    FTld 

Horizontal  -ly  HJ?sXtL 

Discontinue-d    DsKu  1 

Europe    BPS                   Foreign    FBn 

Horticulturist 

Discontinuation 

European    BPnS             Foreigner    FRnR 

[.RtKlst  1 

[DsKnsnl 
Discountenance 

Enthusiasm    NThssM      Forge-r-y    FrJ 
Enthusiast-ic    NThssT    Forinstance    FsTns 

Hospitable-y    SPtBl  1 
Hospitality    SPtLt  1 

[DsKntXns 
Disease    DsZ 

Evangelical    VXJ  3 
Evangelist    VXJXstS 

Forsake    FsK 
Forthwith    FKThto 

Humanity    MnT  3 
Humor    Mr  3 

Discordant  DsKrdXt  1 

EvangeUzation 

Forward    FWrd 

Hunger-y    Xgr 

Discreet    DsKrt  1 

[VXJissnS 

Foundation  FndSftnS 

Hypocrite    PKrt  1 

Discrepancy    DsKrP 

Evaporate    VPrt  3 

Fountain    FntX  3 

Hypocrisi'    PKrS  1 

Dishonor    DsXr  1 

Eventually    VXtL 

Faction    FKsn  3 

Disparage    Dsl'A'J 
Dispelled    DsPLd 
Dispensation  DsPnssn 

Eventuate    VXtYt 
Everlasting     \rLsSG 
Exact    GsKt,  or  sKt  3 

Fractioiis-ly    FrKShs 
Fragment-ary    FrG  3 
Frantic    FrntK  3 

I    At  the  beginning 
.  of  a  phrase,  /  is  in- 
dicated by  a  P-  or  Ray- 

Dispersion    DsPJJsn 
Displayed    DsPld 

Exaction      GsKsn,   or 
[sKsn3 

Fraternal-ly    FrtrXI 
Fraternity    FrtrXT 

tick,  except  before  Ar 
or  Wuy,  when  the  T- 

Displeasure     DsZhr 

Example    GsMPl 

Frigid-ity    FrJd  1 

tick  is  used      In  the 

Dis-re-member    DsBr 

Excellence    K&Z-ns 

Froward    FrWrd 

middle  or  at  the  end 

Dissatisfy    DssTs 

Excellency    KsAnS 

Frugal-ly    FrGl  3 

of  a  phrase,  /  is  indi- 

Dissatisfaction DssTsn 
Dissolution    Ds/-sn  3 

Exasperate    GssPfit 
Exceptionable-v  BPsB 

Fnigality    FrGlt  3 
Fruition    Frsn  3 

cated  by  the  T-tick. 

Distract    DsTrtS 
Distraction    DsTrsn  3 

Exchequer    KsChK 
Exclude    sKldS 

Fundament-aJ-ly 
[FndMnt 

Identical-ly    rDtKll 
Identification 

Distribute    DsTrBt 

Exemplify    GsMPlF 

Furious    FKs  3 

I  rDntFsn  1 

Diversity    DVrsT 
Divest    DVst 

Exemplification 
[GsMPlFsn 

Futurity     FTfit  3   or 
LF-T3 

Idleness    DIXs  1 
Ignorance    GXrns 

Divination    DvNsn  1 

Explicit    KsPlsT 

Illustrate    isTrt 

Divulge    DV1J 

Evolution    Visn  3 

G    Gallery    Gir  3 

Illustration    isTrsn 

Downcast    DnKst  3 

Exquisite    KsKwsT 

.  Geuial-lv    JKL 

Imaginable    JnB3 

Downhearted    DuRtr 

Extemporaneous 

Genteel    JXTL 

Imbecile    MBsL 

Downright    Dfit  3 

[KsTPrXs     Gentle    JXtL 

Imbecility    MlisLt 

Drama  tic  DrMtK 

Extemporary  KsTPr/J     Geometry    JMtfl 

Immaterial-ly   MMtAl 

Dyspepsia-tic    DsPP 

Extempore    KsTPr 

Glorify    GIF 

Immateriality  MMt/;it 

E    Earnest    .RXst 

Extemporize     KsTPrs 
Extensible    sTnsB 

Glorification    GIFsn 
Glorious    Gls 

Immature    UMt/>'3 
Immaturity    MMtKt  3 

.  Eccentricity 

:  KsXtrsT 
Ecclesiastic    KlssT 

Exterior    KsTBB 
Exterminate 
[KsTrmXt 

Glory    Gl 
Gracious   GrShs 
GraduaMy    GrDL  3 

Immigrate    MMGrt  1 
Immigration 
[MMGrsn  1 

Economy    KnM  1 

Extinct    KsXgt  1 

Grandeur    GrndRS 

Imminent       MMnXt  1 

Education   DKsn 
Effeminate    FmXt 
Efficacious-ly    FKShs 
Elaborate    LBrt  3 

Extinction    KsXgsn 
Extract    sTrt3 
Extraction    sTrsn  3 
Extremity    sTrmT 

Grateful-ly    GrtFl 
Gratify    GrtF  3 
Gratitude    GrtTd  3 

Immoderate  MMdA't  1 
Immoral    MMA1  1 
Immorality    MM/.'lt  1 
Immortal-ly  MM/JtLl 

Element    LMut 
Elevate    L\t 

Eyesight    "St  1                 TT    Habeas  corpus 

Immortality 
[MMRtLt  1 

Elevation    L  Vsn 

T71    Facetious-ly  FsSh     i   "  j              N  i  J\r^r 

Immutable-y  MMtBl  3 

Eloquence    LKwns 
Emblem    MlilM 

T  .  1  actious-1  £Kshg  3     Hanuonious    RMXs 

Imperceptible-3" 
[Ml'rsPtBl 

Emblematic    MBlMt 

Factitious-ly  YKTSh,        jjf;  aj  jne  beginning 

Impervious    MPrVs 

Emigrate    MGrt 
Emigration    MGrsn 

Faintest  FFn?St                    cL^bffh^Cliay'- 

Implacabk-v  MP1KB1 
Implicit    M  PlsT 

Eminent    MnNt 

Fainthearted    FntRtr        j^k  .  jn'  tne  middle 

Impolitic    MPltKl 

Empty    MT 

Faithful-ly-ness    FThf        or    ^    *jie    end    of 

Imposed    MI'sD 

Endanger    XDJr 

Impost    M  1'tt 

Endless    NdLsS 

Falsify    F1-F1                      Ch?v-7^r  R^tick,' 

Impoveri-sh    MPv  1 

Energv    X;-J 
Enerjetic    XrJtK 
Engagement    NUMnt 

FaJJc'iful-lyFX-.FS            tngl'e"  &*  *  ^"^ 
Fastidious    FsTl>s 

Impregnate    MPrG 
Inartiticial-ly  XitFsI. 
Inauspicious-ly  AsPSh 

Evening-    Vn  1 

Fatality    FtLt                    Health    LTh 

Incessant    XssXt 

Enormity    XrMT 
Enormous    Xi'Ms  1 
Enroll    N/?l 
Entangle    NtNgGIS 

Fantastic-ally  FXTstK     Heart    chRtS 
Favored    FvRd                 Heathen    Dhn  1 
Favorite    Fv.Rt                  Herald    HRld 
Female    FMZ.                   Herein    RM 

Incivility    nsVIT 
Inclination  NKINsn  1 
Incombustible    N-Bst 
Incompetent    X-Tnt  1 

68                         OUTLINES  FOR  IMPORTANT  WORDS. 

Incompetence    N-Tns 
Inconstant    N-sTntl 

Interpretation 

[NtrPrtsn 

Misrepresentation 
[MsRPsn 

Penalty    PN1T 
Penitent    PiiTnt 

Incredible-y 

Intervention    NtVNsn 

Mission    MShn  1 

Penitential-ly    PnTn 

[NKrdBl 

Intestate    NTsTt 

Missionary    MShR  1 

Penitentiary   PnTnSh 

Incredulity  NKrditl 

Intimate    NtMt  1 

Mistrustful    MsTrsFl 

Per  annum    PANm 

Indebted    NdTd 

Intimidate    NTmDt 

Mitigate    MtGt  I 

Per  cent.   PA'sN', 

Indeed    NDdl 

Intoierable-y    NtLrBl 

Mitigation    MtGsn  1 

Perishable-y    PA'ShB 

Indefatigable-  itv 

Introduce    NtDs 

Modification    MdFsn 

Permanence    PrMNNs 

[NdFtBl  3 

Introduction    NtDsn 

Modify    MdF 

Permit    PrMtl 

Indefinite    NDfNt 

Introspection  NtsPKsn 

Murder    MRdr 

Pernicious-ly    PrNSh 

Indemnity-fy  NDm 

Intuition    NTsn   3 

Murderous    MRdra 

Perpetual-ly    PA'Pt 

Indemnification 

Invention    NVnsn 

Mutable-y    MtBl  3 

Persecute    PRsKt 

[NDmFsn 

Investigate    NVsGt 

Mystery    MsTR 

Pei-severance 

Indenture    NdNtr 

Investigation  NVsGsn 

Mysterious    MsTRs 

[PrsVRns 

Indescribable  NdsKBl 

Invisible-y    NVsBl 

Mystify    MstFl 

Persevere    PrsVK 

Indication    NdKsn 
Indict   NDtl 

Invitation    NVtsn  1 
Inward    NWrd  1 

Mystification  MstFsn  1 

Personal  ty-ity  PrsNIT 
Personify    PrsNF 

Indicted    NDtr  1 

Iron    Rn  1 

N    Narrate    NRrtS 

Personification 

Indictment   NDtMntl 

Ironical-ly    RnK  1 

•  Narration 

[PrsNFsn 

Indiscreet    NDsKrtl 

Irrecoverable-y    Rr3 

[NBrsn  3 

Persuade    PrsWd 

Indisposition  NDsPssn 

Irresistible-y    BssT 

Narrative    NA'rtVS 

Persuasion    PrsWsn 

Indivisible-y     NdVsBl 

Itself    TsLf 

Navigate    NVG  3 

Pertiuacious-ly 

Indulge    NdLJ 
Inevitable-y    NVTB1 
Infection    KFKsn 

IT,  when  the  last  word 
of    a    phrase    and 

Navigation    NVGsnS 
Necessarily    NssAU 
Needful    NdFll 

[PRtNSh 
Pestilence    PsT/.ns 
Pestilential    PsT£.n 

Inferences    NFRns 
Inferential-ly    NFJZn 
Inferior   NFRr 
Inferiority    NFBr* 
Inferred    NFRd 
Infidel    NFdL 
Infidelity    NFdLt 

length  stem,  is  indi- 
cated by  a  P-,  Ray-, 
or  Chay-tick,  struck 
at  a  distinct  angle 
with  the  half-length 
or   with   its    final 
hook 

Needle    ND1  1 
Needless    NdLsl 
Negative    NGtV 
Nomenclature    Nmn 
Nondescript 
[NNdsKPtl 
Notification    NtFsn 

Petrify    PtRF  2 
Piienomena    FNm 
Phenomenon    FNmn 
Photograph-er-ic 
[FtGrf 
Physical-ly    FsKl  1 
Physiognomy    FsG  1 

Infinitude    NFNTd 

Nourish    NrSh 

Piquant    PKnt  1 

Infirm-ity    NFrm 
Informal    NFML  I 

J    Jehovah  JT 
•  Jesus   JsS 

Noxious   NKShs 

Piquancy    PKnS  1 
Platform    PltF 

Informality    NFMLt  1 
Infraction    NFrKsn  3 

Joint  committee  JtK  1 
Judiciary    JdShR  3 

0    Obedience    BDns 
.  Obscure    BsKr3 

Plentiful-ly    PlutF 
Plenipotentiary    PlnP 

Infringe    NFrNJ 

Justice   JsTs 

Obscurity    BsKrt  3 

Plural    PLR1 

Ingenious    NJNs 
Ingenuity   NJNT 

Juxtaposition    JsPssn 

Observatory     BsJSvttf 
Obsolete    Bsit  1 

Plurality    PlRlt 
Polygamy    P1GM  1 

Ingenuous    NJNYs 

L    Lament   iMnt 

Official-ly    FShl  1 

Ponderous    PudRs  3 

Ingredient   NGrDnt  1 

.  Latitudinarian 

Offlcious-ly    F.S'/ts  1 

Pontiff    PntFl 

Initial-ly    NS/ill 

[itTdNrnc 

Oftentimes    FnMs  1 

Posterior    PsTRR 

Inherit   Nrtl 

Legal-ly   LGl 

Ofttimes    FtMs  1 

Potential-ly    PTnSh 

Inheritance    NrtNs  1 

Legality    Z.Glt 

Oligarchy    iGrK 

Posterity    Ps-T 

Injure-y   NJr 

Lexicographer-y 

Omniflc    MNFK  1 

Practiced    Prst  3 

Innocence    NsNs  1 

[LKeK 

Omniscient    MNsNt  1 

Previous    PrVs 

Innovation    NNVsn 

Limit    £Mt 

Omnipotent   MNP1 

Precipitate    PrsPTt 

Insert   Ns.Rt 

Limitation   iMtsn 

Omnipresent  MPrsNtl 

Precisely    Prssi  1 

In  so  far  as   NSFs 

Luxuriance    iKsRns 

Only    Nl 

Precision    Prssn  1 

Insolence   nsLns  1 

Luxuriant    LKsBnt        Onward    rWrr1  1 

Predestinate   PrDstNt 

Inspection    NsPKsn 

Luxury   LK&R                Opposite    PsT 

Predestination 

Inspiration    nsPrsu  1 

Orthodox-y    XThD 

[PrDstNsn 

Inspire   nsPr  1 

MMagnanimous-ly     Ostentatious-ly 

Predominance    PrDm 

Instantly    NsTntl 

[MGNn 

[StNtShsl 

Predominant 

Instinctive-ly  NsNgt  1 

Magnetic    MGNt 

Outcast    TKstS 

[PrDmNnt 

Iiisufferable-y    NsFBI 

Magnetism    MGsm 

Outward    TWrd  3 

Pre-eminent  PrJI  n  Nt  1 

Insufficient        NsFsNt 

Majority    MJrt  1 

Overwhelm    VrLm  1 

Prejudicial-ly    PrJd 

Insulation    nsLsn 

Malicious-ly    MiSh  1 

Overwhelmed 

Prerogative    PrRG 

Insult    nsLt  I 

Malignant    M1G1 

[VrLmd  1 

Presentation   PrsNtsn 

Insuperable-y 
[nsPrBl  3 

Mansion    MXsn 
Mature    MtR3 

P    Paganism     PGsM 
.  Painful    PnF 

Preserve-d    PrsR 
Preservation    PrsRsn 

Integrity    NtGrT 

Medical-ly    MdKl 

Paragraph    PrGrf  3 

Preservative    PrsTJtV 

Intellect-ual-lv  NtLtl 

Med.  treatment 

Parliamentary 

Presbyterian    PrsBt 

Intelligible-y  "  NtLBl 

[MdTrtMnt 

[PriMnt  3 

Pi-esidential    PrsDn 

Intemperance  NTPrus 

Medicine    Mdsn 

Partial-ly-ity    PrShl  3 

Pretence    PrTns 

Intemperate    NTPrt 

Medium    MdMl 

Partake    PA>tK  3 

Pretension    Pi-Tnsn 

Intention   NtNsn 

Merciful-ly    MRsF 

Particle    PA'tKl  3 

Prevent    PrvNt 

Interception    NtrsPsn 

Metaphor-ical-ly  MtFr 

Partner    PrtNr  3 

Prevention    PrvNsn 

Intercession    Ntrssn  1 

Method    MThd 

Patentable    PtBl  3 

Priestcraft    PrsKft  1 

Interchange    NtrCh 

Migrate    MGrtl 

Paternity    PtffNT 

Prima  facie    PnnSA 

Interior   NTRJS 

Migration    MGrsn  1 

Patriarch    FTr-SK 

Probation    PrBsn 

International 

Ministration  MnsTsn2 

Patron    PTrn  3 

Problematic-al    PrBl 

[NtrNsni 

Miracle    MRK1 

Pattern    Pt.tf  n  3 

Proclaim    PrKl 

Interpret  NtrPrt 

Misrepresent-ed  MsJSP 

Peevish-ly    PvSh.1 

Proclamation    PrKlsn 

OUTLINES  FOR  IMPORTANT  WORDS.                          69 

Prodigal    PrdGI  1 
Prodigious    PrdJs  1 

Rejection    RTKsn 
Relent    Bint 

Scepticism    sKPtsM      i  Subserve   sBsR 
Scholar   sKir  1              Subservient   sB&RVnt 

Proticient-ly-cy  PrfSfc 

Relevancy    XlVn 

School    sK13 

Substantiate-d 

Prognosticate-d  PrG  1 

Relevant    .RIVnt 

Scientific    SNtFl 

[sBsTnSht 

Prohibition    PrBsn  1 

ReUable-y   JJ1B1  1 

Sconndi-el-ly  sKndfiL 

Substantive     sBsTntV 

Prominent    PrmXnt  1 

Reliability    RLBlt  1 

Scrutiny    sKrtNS 

Substantial-lv    sBsTn 

Promulgation 

Relish    .RISh 

Scripture   sKr  1 

Substitute    sBsTt 

[PrMGsn 

Relnctant-ce    ^IKtNs 

Scriptural    sKrL  1 

Subtract    sBTrtS 

Pronounce    PrnXs 

Remittance    RMt  1 

Season    Ssn  1 

Subtraction    sBTrsn  3 

Pronunciation 

Remonstrance 

Seasonable-y    SsB  1 

Succinct   sKsXgt  1 

(PrnXssn 

IRMnsTns 

Seclude    sK'lcl  3 

Suffocate   sFKT 

Prophetic    PrftKl 

Remonstrate    RJInsTt 

Seclusion    sKlsn  3 

suffocation    sFKsn 

Propitious    PrPSTi 

Render   RudR 

Secretary   sKrtfi 

Summer-ary   sMfi 

Prosecute    PrsKt 

Renounce    .RnXs  3 

Sec.  of  the  Navy 

Superflcial-Iy  sPi-f  Sh  3 

Proscription    PrsKrsn 

Renunciation 

[sKrtXV 

Superincum  bent 

Proscriptive   PrsKrtV 

1  .RnXssn  3 

Sec.  of  State    sKrtsTt 

[sPrn-Bnt  3 

Prospect    PrsPt  1 

Repetition    BPtsn  1 

Sec.  of  War   sKrtWr 

Superinduce  sPrnDsS 

Prospective-ly  PrsPv  1 
Prosperity    PrsPrt  1 

Repentance    JJPntXs 
Replenish-ed    RPla 

Sectarian    sKTBn 
Secular    sKlK 

Superior-ity    sPRr 
Superlative-ly  sPrZ*V 

Prostitute-d    PrsTt  1 
Protect    PrtKt 

Reprehensible-y-ity 
LRPrn 

Sedentary    sDntU 
Sedition    sDsn  1 

Supernatural-ly 
[sPr-NtR13 

Protection    PrtKsn 

Reprehensive    RPrns 

Seize    sZ  1 

Superscription 

Protestant    PrtsTnt  1 

Reproach    .RPrCh 

Seldom    BLdM 

[sPrsKsn  3 

Protract    PrTrt 
Protraction    PrTrsn 

Reputation    .tfPtsnS 
Resemble-ed-ance  RsM 

Senator    sXtr 
Senior    sNR 

Superstition  sPrsTsnS 
Supplicate    sPlKt 

Provincial    PrvNSh 

Reserve-d              RsR 

Sensual-ly-ity    sNSW 

Supplication    sPlKsn 

Prudential-ly    PrDn 
Pugnacious-ly 

[PGyShs 

Respleudent-ly 
[KsPlnd 
Respond-ent    .RsPnd 

Sentence    s>tNs 
Sentiment-al-ly 
[sNtMnt 

Support    sPRt 
Supreme  Court  sPrKrt  1 
Surrender   sKndR 

Pugnacity    PGNsT 
Pulpit    P'LPt 

Responsible-ity  RsPas 
Restore    .ffsTR 

Sequence   sKwns  1 
Servile    sBVL 

Surreptitious-ly 
[sRPtSh 

Punctual-  ly    PNgL 

Restoration    RsTRsn. 

Servility   stfVLt 

Surround    sRnd  3 

Punctuality    PXgLt 

Restrict   .ffsTrt  1 

Short  sighted 

Surveyed   sRVd 

Pusillanimous-ly 

Restriction    .RsTrgn  1 

[ShrtsTd  1 

Survive    sJJVv 

[PsinMs 

Restrictive    .RsTrf  I 

Simplicity    sMPlsT 

Survivor   sfiVvR 

Resurrection    A'sKsu 

Simplincation 

Suspect-ed    ssP 

Q    Qualitative  KltTv 

Retort    RTRt 

Sister    Sstr  1  [sMPlFsn 

Suspend   ssPnd 

.  Questionable-y 

Retract    .flirt  3 

Skill    sKl  1 

Suspense    ssPns 

[KwBl 

Retraction    BTrsn  3 

Slander   sindr 

Suspension   ssPnsn 

§estioner    KwR 

Retreat    .RTrt  1 

Slanderous    sindrs 

Suspicion    ssPsn 

ick    KK  1 

Retrospection 

Slumber   simR 

Sustain    ssTu 

let    KwT 

[RtRsPsn 

Smaller    sMiRl 

Sustenance    ssTnNs 

Retrospective  RtRsPv 

Social-ly    sShl 

Sustentation  ssTntShn 

R    Radiant    .RDnt 

Return    RtRa. 

Socialism    sShlsM 

Swindle-r    sWnd  1 

.  R.  R.  station 

Returnable-y     Rt/JnB 

So  far  as    SFs 

Sympathetic    sMTht 

[/JrsTsn 

Reveal    RVL 

Solitary    eLtR  1 

Systematic    ssTllt 

R.  W.  station  BwiTtan 

Revenge    JJVXJ 

Solvency   sl/Vn  1 

Ramification    RMFsn 

Revengeful-ly   XVSJt 

Solvent   aZ-Vntl 

T    Tabernacle 

Rapacious    JJPShs 

Revert    R\Jtt 

Spacious   sPShs 

ITBrXKl 

Rapid-ity    .RPd  3 

Reversion    RVRsa 

Speakable    sPBll 

Taciturn-ity    TsTfin 

Rascal    fisKL  3 

Revive    R\~v  I 

Specialty    sPShlt 

Tangible-y    TnJ 

Ratification    JJtFsn  3 
Ratify    AlF3 

Revivify    XVFl 
Revolt    XVLt 

Specify-ic    sPsF 
Specification    sPsFsn 

Tantamount  TntMnt  3 
Temperament  TPrJInt 

Recapitulate    JtKPt 
Recipient    XsPnt  1 

Reward    JJWrd 
Rhetoric    Rt/?K 

Species    sPShs  1 
Speculate   sPKlt 

Temporal-ly    TPr£- 
Temporality   TPrit 

Reciprocate    RsP  1 

Rhetorical-ly    Rt^Kl 

Spendthrift  sPndThft 

Temporary    TPr^ 

Reclaim    BK13I 
Reclamation    .RKlMsn 

Righteous   XChsl 
Romance    RMns 

Splendid    sPlnDd 
Splendor   sPlndJ 

Tempt    TMt 
Temptation    TMtsn 

Recognition    .R-Xsn 
Recognize    .R-Xs 

Romantic    RMntK 
Romanism    RMsM 

Spontaneous  sPntNs  1 
Square    sKwR 

Tenable    TXTH 
Tendency    TndNS 

Recommendation 

Runaway  ^nVV 

Standard    sTndRd 

Tenement    TnMnt 

[.R-Ndsn 

Statesman    stTsMn 

Terminate    TrmNt 

Record    RKrd 

S    Sacred   sKrd 

Statistics    stTstKs 

Termination   TrmNsn 

Redeem    RDm  1 

.  Sadden    sDu  3 

Stereotype    stfitPl 

Testamentary  TsMntB 

Redemption     RdMsn 
Reduction    RDsn 
Redundant-ly-cy 
[RDndXt 

Sadness    sDNsS 
Sanctification 
IsXgtFsnS 
Sanctify    sNgtFS 

Strange    sTrXJ 
Strengthen  sTrXgThn 
Structure    sTrtr 
Stupendous   stPnDs 

Testimonial    TsMNL 
Texture    TKstr 
Thankful-ly    Thf3 
Thankworthy  ThDhS 

Reflection    /"FlKsn 

Sanction    sXgsn  3 

Stupidity    stPdT 

THE  is  indicated,  at 

Rertective    .RFlKv 

Sanctioned    sXgsnd  3 

Subjugate   sBJGt 

the  beginning  of  a 

Reformatory    RFtr  1 
Refraction    .RFrKsn  3 

Sanctity    sNgtTS 
Sanguine    sXGwn 

Sublime-:ty    sBIM 
Subordinate    sBr  1 

phrase,  by  the  Chay- 
or  Ray-tick  ;  in  the 

Refractory    KFrK  3 

Saviour    sVR 

bubordination 

middle  or  at  the  end 

Reiterate   R  IXt  1 

Scale    sKL 

[sBrnsn  1 

of  a  phrase,  by  the  P-, 

Reject    RJt 

Sceptic    sKPt 

Subsequent-ly  sBsKut 

Chay-,  or  Ray-tick- 

70 


OUTLINES  FOR  IMPORTANT  WORDS. 


Thereto   Rp 
Theretofore    RtTF 
Thermometer  ThrMm 
Third    Thrd 
Thousandth    ThsTh  3 
Throughout    ThrTS 
Timid-ity    TMd  1 
Tolerance    TWns  1 
Tolerant    TlRntl 
Torpid    TrPdl 
Trader    TrdR 
Tragedy    TrJ3 
Traitor    Trtr 
Tranqull-ly    TrNKl 
Tranquility    TrNKlt 
Transcendent 

[TrsNdXt  3 
Transcribe    Ti-sKB  3 
Transgress    TrsGs  3 
Transgression 

[TVsGsnS 

Transient   TmShnt 
Transparent   TrsPJJnt 
Treachery    TrChr 
Tuition     Tsn  3 
Turn    TRn 
Typograph-er-ic  TPGr 

U    Ultimatum 
[LtMtM 
Unaccepted    NsPtS 


UnaToidable-y 

/NVdBl  1 

Uncertain    NsA'tX 
Unclaimed    NK1  3 
Uncommon    NK  1 
Undefined    NDfXrtl 
Unexceptionable-y 

JNsPsB 

L  ndergone    NdGn 
Underhanded 

[MdrNdcft 

Une<juivocal-ly  NKwV 
Unexpected-ly     NsP  3 
Unfortunate    NF/ttNt 
Unimagrined    NJnd  3 
Unparalleled 


Unpopular-ly-ity  NPP 
Unquestioned    NKw 
Uureasonable-y 

[NrsB 
Unrellable-y-ity 

[NJS1B1  1 
Unruly    N/?l  3 
Unsatisfactory 

[NsTsR  3 

Unscriptural    nsKrL 
Unsecured    nsKrd  3 
Unselfish    nsifSh 
Unspeakable-v  NsPBl  1 
Unwilling    NLNg 
Upwai-d    PWrd 


Utterly    Tri 

V    Vacancy    VKuS 
.  Vacant    VKSt 
Valedictory    VIDtR 
Valid-ity   VLd  3 
Valuable    V1B1  3 
Valuation      \lsn3 
Value    VI  3 
Vanish    \nSh  3 
Venality    VN1TS 
Vengeance    VNJns 
Veracious    VrShs 
Veracity    VrsTS 
Veterinary    VtrNr 
Vexatious-ly    VKShs 
Vice  president 

[VPsDnt 

Vice  versa    VsV  1 
Vicious    VShs  I 
Violation    VLsn 
Violent    Vint 
Virtual-ly    VrtL 
Virtuous    Vi-Chs 
Visible-y    VsBl 
Visionary    VsnB  1 
Vitality    VtLt  1 
Vivavoce    VV  1 
Vocation   VKsn 
Volition    V/.sn  1 
Voracious    VRShs 
Voter   Vtr 


W    Wander    Wndr 
.  Want    Wntl 
Warehouse    WrS 
Warm    tcRm 
Warmed    tcRmd  1 
Warrant    WJJnt 
Waterworks   WtWsl 
Wayward    WWrd 
Whatsoever    TsV  1 
Whence    Hs 
Whenever    Hv 
Whensoever    HsV 
Wherein    RN  2 
Whereof    Rf  1 
Wheresoever    RsV 
Wherever    Rv 
Wherewith    Rio 
Whilst    Z.stl 
Whither    cAWtr 
Wholesale    LsL  3 
\Vhomsoever    MsV  3 
Whosoever  jsV 
Wicked    WKd  1  or 

[wKdl 

Willingly    LNgL 
Withstand    DhsTnd  1 
Withstood    DhsTdl 
Wretched    BChd 

ZZeal    ZL1 
.  Zealous    ZLs 
Zest   Zst 


THE  CHOICE  OF  OUTLINES. 

In  the  foregoing  lists,  the  student  is  furnished  with  nearly  four 
thousand  useful  outlines.  Of  these,  the  word-signs  and  contractions  should 
be  perfectly  memorized.  The  other  outlines  given  are  not  only  valuable  for 
reference  as  to  the  correct  forms  to  be  used  for  the  particular  words 
contained  in  the  lists,  but  they  are  suggestive  of  the  best  outlines  for  a  vast 
number  of  other  words  which  the  stenographer  will  be  likely  to  meet  in  his 
work.  The  flexibility  of  this  system  of  writing  is  such,  that  words  may 
often  be  written  in  two  or  more  different  ways,  either  of  which  is  legible. 
For  example,  the  word  calendar  may  be  written  with  either  of  the  following 
outlines : 


The  choice  of  the  best  outline  for  a  word,  often  requires  careful 
thought,  but  when  the  question  is  once  decided,  the  same  form  should  always 
be  used  for  that  word.  To  use  different  forms  for  the  same  word,  is  sure  to 
cause  hesitation  and  loss  of  speed.  In  such  words  as  fall  under  the  rule  at 
section  25,  if),  examples  of  which  are  given  on  page  64,  great  care  should  be 
taken  to  select  distinct  and  unambiguous  outlines.  Most  of  the  words  in 
the  English  language  which  come  under  this  rule,  are  contained  in  the 
Phonetic  Shorthand  Word-Book,  with  engraved  forms  for  the  same,  and 
every  stenographer  should  possess  a  copy  of  that  book. 


TABLE    OF    CONTRASTS. 


Sec  Key ,  ticrf 

.0  VP  PV 

lA_A- A-     ^    '* 


13  JL.       '. 


.  J-    L-   J-  I-  -^  - 


17 


72  KEY  TO  TABLE  OF  CONTRASTS. 

Diagram  of  Vowels. — This  diagram  should  be  carefully  com- 
pared with  the  rules  contained  in  section  4,  d,  on  page  8,  which 
give  directions  for  the  placing  of  vowels  between  two  stems.  In 
such  cases,  the  vowels  which  appear  at  the  left  of  the  diagonal  line 
in  the  diagram,  are  written  after  the  first  stem  ;  and  those  appearing 
at  the  right  of  that  line  are  written  before  the  second  stem. 

At  several  points  in  the  Writing%  Exercises,  reference  is  made  to 
lines  in  the  Table  of  Contrasts,  page  71.  Wherever  such  reference 
is  made,  the  examples  referred  to  should  be  carefully  read  and  com- 
pared with  each  other.  A  key  to  these  examples  is  given  below  : 

LiKEl.    Sip,  Spa.    Sight,  Sty.    Opes,  Pose.    Oppose.    Suppose. 

2.  Ask,  Sack.     Asp,  Sap.     Acid,  Sad.     Assail,  Sail.     Escape, 
Scape. 

3.  Puss,  Pussy.     Daze,   Daisy.     Gas,    Gassy.      Fuss,    Fussy. 
Moss,  Mossy. 

4.  Back,  Bask.    Tuck,  Tusk.    Deck,  Desk.    Tack,  Task.    Gap, 
Gasp.     Rap,  Rasp. 

5.  Czar,  Sir.     Zeal,  Seal.     Zero,  Sorry.     Zinc,  Sink.     Dozen, 
Design.     Reason,  Resign. 

6.  Pace,  Paces.     Toss,  Tosses.     Chase,  Chases.     Case,  Cases. 
Face,  Faces.     Vice,  Vices.     Lace,  Laces.     Mosses. 

7.  Policy,  Policies.     Intimacy,  Intimacies.     Ecstasy,  Ecstasies. 
Posy,  Posies"     Fancy,  Fancies.     Daisies. 

8.  Chess,  Chest,    Chester.     Less,  Lest,  Lester.     State,  Taste. 
Steel,  Least.     Stop,  Post.     Posts,  Posten,  Posten's. 

9.  Pray,  Play.     Breach,  Bleach.     Eager,  Glee.      Free,  Flee. 
Ether,  Ethel.     Error,  Earl.     Eater,  Tree.     Eagle,  Glee. 

10.  Sup,    Supper,  Supple.      Set,   Setter,   Settle.      Side,  Cider, 
Sidle.     Sick,  Sicker,  Sickle.     Scape,  Scrape.     Sorrel. 

11.  Stop,  Stopper.      Stout,    Stouter.      Staid,  Staider.     Stitch, 
Stitcher.     Stalk,  Stalker.     Stag,  Stagger.     Safe,  Safer,  Civil. 

12.  Poison,   Poisoner.      Paster,     Pastry.      Besiege,    Besieger. 
Duster,  Destroy.  Disguise,  Disgrace.     Dispose,  Displays.     Disobey, 
Disables. 

13.  Pen,    Penny.      Tine,  Tiny.      Dean,  Deny.      Chine,  China. 
Gain,  Guinea.     Fin,  Finny.     Mine. 

14.  Pays,  Pains.     Days,  Danes.     Chase,  Chains.     Skies,  Skins, 
Screens.     Boughs,  Bounce,  Bounced.     Punsters. 

15.  Pun,  Puff.       Bean,  Beef.      Tun,  Tough.      Chain,  Chafe. 
Cane,  Cave.     Fine,  Fife.     Lean,  Leaf      Knife. 

16.  Puff,  Puffy.      Beef,  Bevy.      Tough,  Taffy.     Dave,  Davy. 
Chafe,  Chaffee.     Cough,  Coffee.     Gravy. 

17.  Past,  Pats,  Pants.    Best,  Beds,  Bends.    Toast,  Totes,  Tends. 
Chest,  Cheats,  Chants.     Cost,  Cuts,  Counts.     Base,  Banes. 


WRITING    EXERCISES. 


The  exercises  which  appear  in  the  following  pages,  illustrate 
every  principle  of  Phonetic  Shorthand.  Practice  should  be  confined 
to  these  exercises,  until  all  the  rules  of  abbreviation  are  learned.  No 
attempt  should  be  made  to  write  miscellaneous  matter,  for  the  reason 
that  such  matter  is  likely  to  contain  many  words  which  can  only  be 
written  correctly  under  rules  which  appear  later  in  the  study. 
Writing  such  words  incorrectly,  will  lead  the  student  into  bad 
habits  of  writing  which  it  will  be  difficult  to  overcome. 

Before  attempting  to  write  an  exercise,  the  rule  under  which  it 
is  to  be  written  should  be  carefully  read,  together  with  such 
additional  suggestions  as  appear  in  connection  with  the  exercise. 
Each  form  should  be  written  with  care,  and  no  exercise  should  be 
left  until  the  student  can  not  only  write  it  readily  and  correctly,  but 
read  it  aloud,  without  hesitation,  from  his-own  manuscript. 

Sec.  4.  a,  b.  Long  Vowels  are  indicated  by  heavy  dots 
and  dashes.  Write  the  following  words  in  the  positions  required  by 
subdivision  b.  Rules  1,  2,  and  3,  refer  to  the  positions  of  upright 
and  inclined  stems  only — not  to  those  of  horizontal  stems.  When  R 
or  L  is  printed  in  Italic,  use  the  upward  stem,  and  remember  that 
first-place  vowels  are  placed  at  the  beginning  of  a  stem,  whether  the 
stem  be  struck  upward  or  downward. 

/  rPaw,  pea,  pooh,  pa,  pay,  ape,  ope.  Be,  bay,  bah,  bo.  Abe. 
Tea,  tay,  toe,  too.  Eat,  ate,  ought,  oat.  Day,  daw,  doe,  Dee.  Aid, 
awed,  ode.  Chaw,  each.  Gee,  jay,  jaw,  joe,  age.  Key,  caw,  coe, 
coo.  Eke,  ache,  oak.  Gay,  go.  Oaf,  eve.  Oath,  thaw.  They,- 
though.  See,  say,  saw,  so.  Ease,  awes,  owes,  ooze.  Le,  lay.  In, 
Zaw,  Tow,  too.  EeZ,  ai?,  awZ,  Ola,.  '  Jfoy,  raw,  roe.  Ear,  air,  oar. 
Me,  may,  ma,  maw.  Aim.  Knee,  nay,  gnaw,  no.  E'en,  own.  We, 
way,  wah,  wo,  woo.  Ye,  yea,  you.  He,  hay,  hah,  haw,  hoe,  who. 

c.  Short  Vowels  are  indicated  by  light  dots  and  dashes. 
When  a  vowel  occurs  between  two  stems,  place  it  as  directed  in 
subd.  d.  Remember  to  write  all  words  in  their  proper  positions,  as 
directed  in  subd.  b. 

V 

rUp.pugh,  at,  add,  odd,  etch,  edge,  egg,  off,  if,  us.     Pot,  pet, 

pat,  pod.     Bit,  bet,  bat,  bog,  bug,  bag.     Tick,  tuck,  tack,  took, 
tag,  tip,  top,  tap.     Ditch,  dig,  dip,  dutch,  duck,  dumb,  dam.    Chip, 

73 


74 


VOWELS. 


chap,  chub,  chid,  chuck,  chick.  Jim,  gem,  jam,  jug,  jag,  Gyp, 
jab.  Kip,  cop,  cod,  kedge,  cup,  cab,  cub,  cad,  catch,  cuff,  cough, 
king.  Got,  giddy,  gap.  Fib,  Fitch,  fob,  fetch,  fudge,  funny, 
Fanny,  fatty,  finny,  fag.  Vim,  Vick.  Thick,  thud,  thatch,  thumb. 
Ship,  shop,  shove,  sham,  shad.  Minnie,  money,  mob,  much,  match, 
Maggie.  Not,  nit,  gnat,  nut,  nip,  nap,  nob,  nab,  nub,  knack, 
knock,  nook,  notch,  nag,  nudge. 

The  following  exercise  contains  both  long  and  short  vowels. 
Place  each  word  in  its  proper  position,  and  do  not  forget  to  write 
the  vowels  as  directed  in  subd.  d.  Make  the  proper  distinction 
between  long  and  short  vowels,  but  do  not  make  the  former  too 
heavy.  (See  diagram  of  rowels,  page  71. ) 

*^Peat,  paid,  pot,  pet,  pat,  pod.  Beat,  bait,  bet,  bat,  bought,  boat, 
boot.  Teak,  talk,  took,  tick,  tuck,  tack  Deem,  dome,  dumb,  doom. 
Cheek,  chair,  choke,  chip,  chap.  Jeer,  joke,  jug,  jag.  Cape,  cup, 
calm,  caulk,  comb,  cage,  kedge,  cab,  bog,  balm,  cod,  cuff,  keel, 
coal,  core.  Gear,  game,  gawk,  gig,  gage,  gap.  Reap,  rake,  rock, 
root,  rag,  rub.  Feat,  fade,  food,  fib,  fun,  fan,  fudge,  fag.  Vat,  vote, 
veto,  veal,  v:\lley.  Evade,  evoke.  Thebe,  thought,  theme.  Thane, 
them,  thumb,  thole,  thatch,  thick,  thill.  Sheet,  shade,  shape,  shiny, 
shame,  sham,  shoot,  assure.  Leap,  lobe,  lake,  lap,  feash.  Meed, 
made,  mar,  Maud,  mode,  meadow,  mood,  month,  mate.  Neat,  nail, 

node,  nudge,  nib,  not,  note,  nut,  kneel,  nag,  natty,  uneasy. 

i        » 

e.  Diphthongs. — The  signs  for  the  diphthongs  must  not  be 
inclined.     When  I  occurs  between  two  stems,  it  is  sometimes  more 
convenient  to  write  it  in  the  third  place,  rather  than  to  carry  the 
pen  back  to  the  beginning  of  the  first  stem.     Do  not  forget  that 
when  the  position  of  an  outline  depends  upon  this  diphthong,  it  is 
always  to  be  considered  as  first-place. 

**Pie,  pew.  By,  boy,  bough.  Tie,  toy.  Die,  dow,  dew.  Chow, 
chew.  Joy,  Jew.  Coy,  cow,  *cue.  Guy.  Fie,  few.  Vie,  vow, 
view.  Thigh,  thew.  Thy,  thou.  Sigh,  soy,  sue.  Shy.  Lie,  lieu, 
alloy,  allow.  Rye,  Roy,  row,  rue.  My,  mow,  mew.  Xigh,  annoy, 
now,  new.  Bite.  Boyd,  bowed,  beauty.  Dyke,  dime,  dowdy,  duke. 
Chide,  chewed.  Jibe,  jewed.  Kite,  coif,  cowed,  cube.  Fido,  fire, 
fiery,  feud.  Vied,  vowed,  void,  viewed.  Shire,  shower.  Mike, 
mouth,  mufe.  Knife,  noisy,  newt. 

f.  A  vowel  after  a  diphthong,  is  indicated  by  an  inclined  tick 

Make  the  angles  distinct. 

* 

Piety,^  pious,  bias,  Diana,  diet,  Zion,  scion,  boyish,  voyage 
dewy,  annuity,  fewer,  viewer,  bowing. 


RULES  FOR  L,  R,  AND  SH.  75 

g.  Write  the  following  words  and  indicate  the  vowels  by  the 
inclined  angle,  as  directed  in  the  rule.  Be  careful  to  shade  the 
down-stroke  of  the  angle,  when  the  first  vowel  is  long.  In  using 
this  angle,  the  student  will  notice  that  the  exact  quality  of  the 
second  vowel  is  not  indicated.  This  will  not  cause  any  difficulty  in 
reading,  however,  as  the  word  can  be  distinguished  readily  by  giv- 
ing that  vowel  the  sound  of  I,  or  u. 

Poet,  poesy,  Bowen,  being,  bayer,  toeing,  jawing,  Boaz,  chaos, 
thawy,  showy,  piano,  ruin. 

h.  Iota,  idea,  i?hea,  panacea,  iambic.  Bough,  eyed,  oily,  rye, 
vow,  view,  few. 

j.  Always  join  the  semi-circle  to  a  stem  at  a  distinct  angle. 
Two  forms  are  given,  for  the  purpose  of  making  this  possible 
Make  the  semi-circles  small.  If  made  too  large,  they  will  appear 
awkward,  and  will  be  mistaken  for  half-length  stems. 

Weep,  web,  Utah,  Yattau,  Yedo,  Utica,  widow,  watch,  witch, 
yoke,  wake,  wick,  waggish,  Oswego,  youth,  wash,  yeftow,  Europe, 
Urania,  yam,  wing,  young. 

Sec.  5.  Rules  for  L,  R,  and  Sh. — The  rules  in  this  section 
are  very  important.  Do  not  leave  them  until  you  can  write  every 
word  correctly  in  the  following  exercise.  The  legibility  of  your 
writing  will  be  much  greater,  if  you  learn  to  apply  these  rules 
correctly  and  readily. 

The  use  of  Italics  to  indicate  upstrokes,  will  be  continued  in  the 
following  exercises  in  exceptional  cases  only.* 

,/Law,  elk,  delay,  array,  parry,  shade,  bush.  Lieu,  alum,  dally, 
airy,  aurora,  ship,  fisl^  Lay,  alimony,  pulley,  Arab,  foray,  pshaw, 
share,  bushy,  low.  Alumni,  jolly,  ray,  bar,  show,  coolie,  ark, 
worry,  shame.  Fishy,  eel,  Electa,  valley,  leach,  army,  veil,  roe, 
marry,  loo,  sheaf,  show,  dashy.  , 

Awl,  latch,  Allegany,  pillow,  pill,  rue,  tire,  shore,  dash,  aisle. 
Leap,  pile,  lobe,  isle'  cheer,  shoe,  cash.  Bailey,  oily,  lip,  fowl, 
rubbish,  far,  ask,  ash,  laugh,  allow.  Mash,  anneal,  dual,  leash. 

Albany,  meal,  aright,  peer,  opera,  chair,  reel,  early,  share,  folio, 
elbow,  mill,  arrayed,  peal,  pour,  rally,  mole.  Feel,  ivory,  elfish, 
mall,  urge,  mellow,  pale,  moor,  aerial,  rehash.  Alvah,  mail,  earth, 
tare,  olive,  belay,  apiary,  ball.  Bear,  berry,  awry,  toil,  tar,  billow, 
shape,  burrow,  bole.  Bureau,  shake,  follow,  Romish,  tyro,  dole, 
bellow,  dower,  fair.  Tarry,  allege,  remedy,  Howell,  cherry,  also,  rely. 

*Extensive  lists  of  words  ending  with  L  and  R  will  be  found  on  pages 
92  and  93. 


/76 


WORD-SIGNS. 


Sec.  6.  Heath,  hail,  heap,  highway,  happy,  hymn.  Halve, 
heal,  humbug,  hurl,  w^hip.  Unhook,  half,  huzzy,  hammock,  hawk. 
Had,  hug,  home,  whey,  hash,  hallow.  Hope,  higher,  hoggish, 
whack,  whew,  hook.  Whim,  harmony,  hob,  hair,  hoop.  Hop, 
whir,  wherry,  hilly,  whirligig. 

Sec.  7.  Word-Signs. — Learn  the  word-signs  thoroughly. 
Then  carefully  read  the  sentences  on  page  13,  and  copy  them  in 
shorthand  and  read  them  from  your  own  writing.  It  will  be  much 
better  if  you  can  read  your  exercises  aloud.  Practice  faithfully, 
until  you  can  both  read  and  write  them  correctly  and  without  hesita- 
tion. Then  translate  the  following  sentences  into  shorthand,  and 
practice  upon  them  in  the  same  way.  Use  word-signs  for  all  words 
printed  in  Italic,  vocalizing  the  other  outlines.  If  you  practice  in 
this  manner,  you  will  be  surprised  at  the  progress  you  will  make. 

1.  Show  it  to  Mm,  before  you  put  -it  away.  2.  That  was  what  was 
given  to  her.  3.  If  she  can  go,  it  will  be  as  well.  4.  Do  what  you  can 
for  me.  5.  Shall  I  take  it  to  the  shop  ?  6.  There  was  no  change  when 
he  was  there.  7.  Did  they  hear  from  you  when  you  were  away  1  8.  He 
and  Iioere  there  at  the  time.  9.  They  took  it  out  in  a  pail.  10.  I  wish 
she  would  come  with  him,  too.  11.  They  live  there,  and  hove  come  Jiere 
for  the  fair.  12.  Who  was  on  the  boat  ?  13.  It  was  too  high  for  him. 
14.  We  ought  to  do  all  we  can.  15.  Why  did  you  give  our  book  to 
him?  16.  They  each  had  a  watch  which  was  given  by  him.  17.  He 
came  an  hour  before  he  should  have  come.  18.  Two  of  their  sheep  were 
in  the  road.  19.  Has  he  as  many  as  you  or  I  have?  20.  Did  they 
give  you  any  of  their  candy  ? 

a.  Read  the  rule  very  carefully.     Then  write  the  following 
phrases,  joining  the  words  which  are  connected  by  hyphens,  and 
placing  the  first  word  of  each  phrase  in  its  proper  position.     All 
these  phrases  are  composed  of  word-signs  contained  in  the  list  on 
page  13. 

That- was.  What-was.  If -she-can.  You- can.  There-was.  He- 
was.  She-would.  Who-was.  It-was.  We-can.  Which-was.  Did- 
they.  Give-that.  Before-that.  She-can.  Shall-come.  Can-they. 
Or-that.  Can-do.  Was-that.  That-they.  She-came-in. 

b.  Ticks. — It  is  very  important  that  the  pupil  make  no  mistake 
in  the  use  of  the  ticks.     If  the  wrong  tick  is  used  for  a  word,  it  will 
naturally  be  read  for  a  different  word,  and  the  proper  sense  of  the 
phrase  or  sentence  will  be  destroyed. 


TICKS. 


77 


INITIAL   TICKS   ON    SIMPLE   STEMS. 

HE. — "When  a  phrase  begins  with  He,  always  use  the  Chay-tick, 
(  /  )  except  before  Lay,  where  a  T-tick  (  i  )  is  used.  He  cannot  be 

I       I      /     / 

indicated  by  a  joined  tick  before  either  of  the  stems    I       I     /     / 

^        ^        (         (        _      ^      x 

I.  _/  is  indicated  by  the  T-tick  (  i  )  before  ~^  and  ~^  ;  by  the 
P-tick  (  \  )  before  f  /  ^  ^  ;  and  by  the  Ray-tick  (  -  ) 
before  any  other  stem. 

THE.— The  is  indicated  by  the  T-tick  (  i  )  before   C   ;  by  the 
Chay-tick  (  /  )  before     —     —       )         )        J        J       "^ 
"^     ^^    /     ;  and  by  the  Ray -tick  before  any  other  stem. 

A,  AN,  AND.— Use  the  T-tick  (   i  )  before    —       )       ) 

•      ~^      f      x      Use  the  K-tick  (  -  )  before  any  other  stem. 
MEDIAL   TICKS. 

In  the  middle  of  a  phrase,  either  He  or  The  may  be  indicated  by 
the  P-,  Ray-,  or  Chay-tick,  but  no  tick  is  to  be  used  where  it  will 
not  make  a  distinct  angle  with  the  stems. 

/is  never  written  in  the  middle  of  a  phrase,  except  by  the  T-tick. 

A,  An,  Hud  And,  are  indicated  by  a  K-or  T-tick,  in  the  middle  of 
a  phrase. 

FINAL   TICKS. 

He  and  The  are  indicated  by  a  P-,  Ray-,  or  Chay-tick,  at  the  end 
of  a  phrase. 

A,  An,  and  And,  are  indicated  by  a  K-  or  T-tick,  at  the  end  of  a 
phrase. 

/  is  indicated  finally,  by  the  T-tick  only. 

£2F°  Observe  carefully  the  direction  given  in  subd.  c.  When  a 
phrase  begins  with  either  of  the  ticks  for  the  words  above  men- 
tioned, the  second  word  of  the  phrase  is  placed  in  the  position 
directed  in  g  4,  b,  and  not  the  tick.  Make  the  ticks  exactly  one-fourth 
the  length  of  a  stem. 

Read  and  copy  the  first  eleven  lines  on  page  15,  and  carefully 
note  the  application  of  the  above  rules. 


78  CIRCLES. 

Sec.  8.  S-Circle. — Don't  make  a  loop  for  a  circle.  A  loop  is 
not  a  circle,  but  means  something  entirely  different.  On  a  straight 
stem,  turn  a  simple  circle  with  a  motion  opposite  that  of  the  hands 
of  a  watch,  except  in  a  few  instances  where  it  occurs  between  stems. 
A  circle  between  a  tick  and  a  stem,  is  written  as  if  it  were  between 
twX  stems.  (See  lines  1  to  5,  Table  of  Contrasts,  p.  71.) 

'  Sip,  sup,  sap,  peace,  pus,  pass,  sob.  Boys,  seat,  sight,  sty,  stow, 
seedy,  said,  such,  sage,  seek,  sky,  spy,  spa,  tease,  dose,  chase,  joss. 
Safe,  suffice,  face,  phiz,  suffuse,  save,  salve,  vice,  voice,  views,  saith, 
sooth,  thaws,  seethe,  scythe.  Cease,  seize,  sighs,  .size,  says,  saws, 
sues,  sash,  ashes,  seem,  same,  psalm,  mace,  moss,  muss,  mice, 
mouse,  muse,  moose.  Seen,  sane,  sawn,  soon,  sin,  son,  sign,  niece, 
nose,  news,  sing,  sung,  sang,  song.  Wise,  i*£ys,  wooes,  use,  hawse, 
hies,  hues.  Speedy,  speech,  spoke,  subdue,  Sabbath,  stake,  scope, 
scathe.  Scotch,  sigma,  sphere,  safety,  civic,  savage,  savings,  snob, 
snipe,  snatch,  snore.  Snug,  smack,  smoky,  small,  singing,  swap, 
swab,  swing,  swag.  »  f  » 

\c.  Asp,  espy,  osage,  ask,  Ezra,  Isaac,  assume,  oozing,  assignee. 
Esty,  easier,  asthma.  Saucy,  busy,  lazy,  racy,  mossy,  posy,  rosy, 
cosy,  mercy,  uneasy,  daisy.  Juicy,  fussy,  massy,  intimacy,  ecstasy, 
spicy,  gypsy,  tipsy.  Ace,  so,  see,  say,  saw,  sue,  easy,  owes,  ooze, 
awes.  Sighing,  sewing,  scion,  science,  sigher.  Zeal,  zero,  czar,  zinc, 
Zeno,  Zeus. 

d.    Mercies,  daisies,  gypsies,  fantasies,  palsies,  posies,  argosies, 
\fallacies,  intimacies,  piracies,  policies,  fancies. 

^le.  Paucity,  opposite,  episode,  pacify,  passive,  passage,  bask, 
besought,  obesity,  beseech,  beseige,  tusk,  desk.  Audacity,  decide, 
disobey,  deceive,  disown,  dismay,  russet,  receive,  reason,  resign, 
Jessup,  Joseph.  Cusp,  cossack,  cask,  excite,  accede,  gasp,  faucet, 
physic,  fusty,  offset,  effusive,  vista,  visit,  visage,  evasive,  honesty, 
inside,  unsaid,  unsafe,  unsung,  unseen. 

f.  Zion,  zany,  zeal,  zenith,  zero,  zinc,  zodiac,  zouave,  czar, 
Zeno,  Zeus.  • 

f^v  Poison,  basin,  bison,  dozen,  dizen,  chasten,  chosen,  cousin, 
fasten,  season,  Susan,  lessen,  arson,  mason.  Poisons,  basins,  bisons, 
dozens,  chastens,  cousins,  fastens,  seasons,  Susan's,  lessens,  arsons, 
masons. 

i.  Sarah,  sorrow,  serious,  series,  syrup,  survey,  search,  serge. 
Sardis.  service,  servile,  sortie,  surpass,  surface. 

j,  k.  Before  attempting  to  read  lines  11  to  14,  on  page  17, 
or  to  write  the  following,  learn  the  list  of  word-signs  and  the  rules  at 
subd.  j  and  k.  Only  the  new  word-signs  are  printed  in  Italic  below. 
Join  the  words  connected  by  hyphens. 


CIRCLES  AND   LOOPS.  79 

1.  Where-is  the-property  upon-which  they  put  the-house  f  S.They 
thought  he-would-come  while  we  were  there.  3.  What-was  tl\e-tfilk 
between  you,  at  the-t/me  you-came  up  by  where  they  live  ?  4.  He 
charges  too-much,  and-it-may-be  above  what  you  would  give.  5.  I- 
knoic  no  reason  why  you  should  hope  for  it.  6.  It-is  too-heary  for- 
me. 7.  /*-she  to  buy-/«'s  house  ?  8.  May  I  hope  I-am  to-see  you  at 
my  house?  9  Do  you  know  whether-his  book  is  among  yours  '< 
10.  He-is  without-a.  home,  though  he-has  a-nice  house. 

Sec.  9.  Ses. — Make  the  large  circle  about  twice  the  size  of 
the  small  one.  It  is  seldom  necessary  to  vocalize  it.  (-Lines  6,  7,  p.  71 

Mississippi,  emphasis,  necessary,  necessity,  excessive,  success, 
exercise,  exhaust,  census. 

£)  Notice  the  difference  between  this  rule  and  that  in  §  8,  d. 
In  the  latter,  the  plural  is  formed  by  attaching  a  small  circle  to  a 
stem,  but  in  the  following  words,  it  is  formed  by  enlarging  the  circle. 

Pauses,  poses,  passes,  bases,  abysses,  bosses,  abuses,  teases, 
tosses,  adduces,  cheeses,  chases,  chooses,  cases,  faces,  fusses,  theses, 
chaises,  leases,  laces,  losses,  loses,  maces,  misses,  musses,  masses, 
noses,  noises,  nooses,  roses. 

b.  Recesses,  exercises,  excesses,  abscesses,  successes,  empha- 
sizes. 

c.  1.    It-is-his    property.      2.    I-will    go   as-far-as-his    house. 
3.    Which-is-his     watch,     and-which-is-hers  ?     4.     It  is-as-large-as 
I-thought-they  would-make  it.     5.    I-thought-so,  for-his-is  here.     6. 
Why-is-his  property  put  there  ? 

Sec.  10.  Loops. — Make  the  loops  carefully,  and  make  the 
proper  distinction  between  the  two  kinds  of  loops.  Always  place 
words  in  their  proper  positions.  Read  subd.  c.  (Line  #,  page  71.) 

Steep,  stoop,  step,  stop,  stubby,  state,  stout,  staid,  stood,  stitch, 
stage,  stalk,  stoke,  stag.  Stiff,  stuff,  staff,  stave,  steal,  stale,  stole, 
stool,  star,  story,  stem.  Pieced,  paced,  passed,  beast,  baste,  boast, 
taste,  tossed,  test,  dosed,  dust,  chased,  chest,  just.  Feast,  faced, 
fist,  fast,  vest,  vast,  voiced,  ceased,  assist,  assessed,  easiest,  zest, 
leased,  laced,  lowest,  loosed,  arrest,  raced,  rest,  rust,  missed,  moist, 
west,  yeast. 

Paster,  pastor,  poster,  baster,  boaster,  taster,  toaster,  tester, 
duster,  Chester,  juster,  coaster,  caster,  f  caster,  faster,  foster,  vaster, 
lustre,  roster,  master,  muster. 

bt  Pests,  posts,  beasts,  busts,  tastes,  tests,  dusts,  chests,  jousts, 
costs,  coasts,  guests,  gusts,  feasts,  fasts,  vests,  theists,  assists,  zests, 
arrests,  rests,  mists,  wastes.  Pasters,  boasters,  testers,  dusters, 
Chester's,  coasters,  casters,  fosters,  shysters,  lustres,  lasters,  rosters, 
roosters. 


80  -.  THE   R-HOOK. 


Piston,  Posten,  Listen,  Justin,  Masten,  Weston.  Pasting, 
boasting,  toasting,  dusting,  jesting,  casting,  feasting,  investing, 
assisting,  listing,  arresting,  nesting,  wasting,  hoisting,  resting. 

Postern,  western,  southeastern.  Pestering,  bolstering,  festering, 
mastering,  mustering. 

1.  The-company  first  came  together  last  week.  2.  It-was  a- 
month  ago.  3.  You-are  against  the-whole  party.  4.  It-was  the-com- 
mon  and  usual  form,  of  oath.  5.  The-ftrst  part  was  put  away  long- 
ago.  6.  I-think  it-is  wort7i-ihat.  1.  There-is  a-large  advantage  in  it. 
8.  I-shall  recollect  about  the-thing  after  you  go.  9.  It-is-the  best  we- 
cangive.  10.  What-is-iheir  object?  11.  Is-there  as-much  as-there  was  ? 

Write  the  following  words  on  the  line,  and  omit  the  vowels : 
Book,  into,  also,  ask. 

Sec.  1 1 .  Subdivisions  a  and  b  contain  general  rules  governing 
the  use  of  all  hooks.  It  is  important  that  they  be  thoroughly 
understood. 

Sec.  12.  The  R-Hook. — Do  not  make  this  hook  any  larger 
than  it  is  made  in  the  exercise  on  page  21.  Be  sure  not  to  make  it 
on  the  wrong  side  of  the  stem. 

Ptow,  upper,  bray,  brow,  brew,  tree,  tray,  true,  try.  Troy, 
trow,  eater,  otter,  outer,  dray,  draw,  drew,  dry,  aider,  odor,  adder, 
odder,  udder.  Etcher, 'edger,  acre,  ochre,  crow,  crew,  eager,  ogre, 
auger,  gray,  grow,  grew.  Fray,  fry,  free,  offer,  over,  ever,  three, 
throw,  through,  ether,  author,  either,  other,  easer.  Iser,  usher,  shrew, 
error,  emir,  aimer.  Homer,  hummer,  inner. 

Paper,  pitcher,  baker,  betray,  botcher,  trainer.  Deeper,  decree, 
checker,  chider,  jabber,  caper,  catcher,  calmer,  fakir,  f etcher,  fiber, 
vigor,  shader,  leaper,  labor,  ladder.  Archer,  meeker,  matcher, 
roguery,  rocker,  wrecker,  wager. 

b.  Parry,  opera,  apiary,  borrow,  berry,  bureau,  bowery,  tyro, 
tarry,   diary,  dowry,  cheery,   cherry,    chary,  carry,  augury,    fiery, 
foray,  fairy,  ferry,  furrow,  fury,  sherry,  showery,  miry,  morrow, 
merry,  Myra,  marrow,  Nora,  narrow,  hero,  Harry. 

Payer,  buyer,  bower,  dryer,  briar,  friar,  slayer,  liar,  truer, 
cower,  fewer.  Prayer,  tire,  door,  chair,  fear,  sheer,  leer. 

c.  Parer,  parrier,  borer,  bearer,  barrier,  burier,  adorer,  curer, 
carrier,    scourer,    currier,    courier,    firer,    fairer,    furrier,    admirer, 
demurrer. 


TICKS — THE  L-HOOK.  81 

INITIAL  TICKS  BEFORE  THE  R-HOOK. 

The  ticks  are  used  somewhat  differently  upon  stems  bearing 
hooks,  than  on  simple  stems.  The  outlines  below  are  indicated  by 
stenotypy,  rules  for  which  are  given  on  page  56,  which  see.  Italic 
capitals  indicate  up-strokes. 

HE. — He  cannot  be  prefixed  by  a  tick  to  Kr,  Gr,  Lr,  Rr,  Mr, 
Hr,  or  .Rr.  To  all  other  stems  bearing  the  R-hook,  He  is  prefix- 
ed by  the  Chay-tick. 

I. — /is  prefixed  to  LT,  Mr,  and  Hr,  by  the  Ray-tick  To  all 
other  stems  with  the  R-hook,  it  is  prefixed  by  the  P-tick. 

A,  AN,  AND. — Either  of  these  words  may  be  prefixed  to  Thr, 
Dhr,  and  Yr,  by  the  T-tick.  To  all  other  stems  with  the  R-hook, 
they  are  prefixed  by  the  K-tick. 

THE.— TTie  is  prefixed  to  Kr,  Gr,  Lr,  Rr,  Mr,  Wr,  and  Hr,  by 
the  Ray-tick  ;  to  Xr,  Xgr,  and  .Rr,  by  the  P-tick ;  to  all  other  stems 
with  the  R-hook,  by  the  Chay-tick. 

He-appears.  He-practices.  He-remembers.  He-tries.  He-works. 
He-trusts.  I-practice.  I-remember.  I-try.  I-trust.  I-care.  I-re- 
inark.  And-appear.  A-number.  And-remembers.  A-truth.  ^  And- 
adjourned.  A-decree.  A-car.  A-very.  A-railroad.  A-lawyor. 
And- work.  The-proper.  The-number.  The-doctor.  The-jury. 
The-decree.  The-railroad.  The-remark.  The-manner.  The-work. 

1.  The-doctor' s  practice  appears  to-be  proper.  2.  His  younger 
brother  works  on-the  railroad.  8.  I-remember  it-was  dark,  when  the- 
jury  adjourned.  4.  The-larger  number  of  the-members  agree.  5.  The- 
!aft/<r  was  very-near  the-truth  in-his  remarks.  6.  Every  person 
(I'rsn)  on-the  car,  who-saw  it  occur,  spoke  in-that  manner.  7.  Does- 
he  care  to-look  oxer  the-decree  any  longer?  8.  It-is  true  that  the- 
upper  part  broke  during  the-day 

d.  1.  What-were-they  ?  2.  Which- were-said.  3.  They-were 
1)\  -hcr-side.  4  I-gave-her-money  for-her-brother,  who-waswith-her. 
•").  \Vi--were-away.  6.  He-saw-her  in-her-absence.  7.  Where-were- 
tliey.  when-her-brother  came  ?  8.  They-were-chosen  from-her- books. 
9.  there-were  two-or-three  (Tr«Thr). 

Sec.  13.  The  L=Hook. — Always  make  the  L-hook  small,  on 
straight  stems.  On  curved  stems,  it  is  made  short  and  broad,  to 
distinguish  it  from  the  R-hook.  (Line  9,  page  71.) 


82  TICKS — THE  L-HOOK. 

Plea,  play,  ply,  plow,  blow,  blew,  able,  addle,  idol,  claw,  clay, 
cloy,  clue,  eagle,  glow,  glue.  Flee,  flay,  flaw,  flew,  evil,  oval,  easel, 
only.  People,  papal,  puzzle.  Bible,  tattle,  toddle,  tickle,  table, 
toggle,  dapple,  deploy,  chapel,  cheaply,  cockle,  cackle,  camel,  gavel, 
fickle,  vocal,  local,  liable,  label,  arable,  rabble,  model,  nickel. 

c.  Pillow,  belie,  billow,  tallow,  tally,  daily,  delay,  duly,  chilly, 
jolly,  jelly,  collie,  coolie,  gaily,  gala,  folly,  fellow,  follow,  volley, 
valley,  mellow,  mallow,  newly,  relay,   rally,  holly,    hollow,  hilly, 
halo,  hallow. 

Baal,  towel,  trial,  duel,  dial,  cruel,  jewel,  vial,  vowel.  Peel, 
bail,  tile,  jail,  fall,  shale,  mail,  kneel,  reel. 

d.  Earl,  oral,  pearl,  peril,  parole,  barrel,  Farrell,  thoroughly, 
sorrel,  laurel,  marl,  moral,  enrol,  Harrell,  etherial,  admiral. 

INITIAL  TICKS  BEFORE  THE  L-HOOK. 

HE.— He  cannot  be  prefixed  by  a  tick  to  LI,  HI,  Ml,  Wl,  or  HI. 
To  all  other  stems  bearing  the  L-hook,  He  is  prefixed  by  the 
Chay-tick. 

I.— /  is  prefixed  to  L\,  Ml,  and  HI,  by  the  Ray-tick.  To  all 
other  stems  with  the  L-hook,  it  is  prefixed  by  the  P-tick. 

A,AN,AND. — Either  of  these  words  may  be  prefixed  to  Chi, 
Jl,  Thl,  and  Dhl,  by  the  T-tick.  To  all  other  stems  with  the  L-hook, 
they  are  prefixed  by  the  K-tick. 

THE.— The  is  prefixed  to  LI,  Rl,  Ml,  HI,  and  R\,  by  the  Ray- 
tick  ;  to  Nl  and  Ngl,  by  the  P-tick  ;  to  all  other  stems  with  the 
L-hook,  by  the  Chay-tick. 

He-complies.  He-believed.  He-tells.  He-claims.  He-fell.  He- 
values.  He-placed.  I-apply.  I-believe  I-tell.  I-delivered.  I-rely. 
I-fell.  I-declare.  And-compel.  And-belonged.  A-belief.  An-angel. 
An-equal.  A-delivery.  And-fill.  And-really.  A-rule.  A- wealthy. 
And-disclaimed.  The-people.  The-delivery.  The-claim.  The-value. 
The-rule.  The-wealth. 

1.  I-believe  he-will  really  compel  the-people  to  comply  fully  with 
the-rule.  2.  The-clerk  claimed  to  have  delivered  the-roll  to  the- 
children.  3.  He  relies  upon-his  claim  that  he-fell  on-the  rail.  4.  Tell- 
him  to  call,  and  I-will  deliver  property  equal  to-that  in  value.  5.  He 
declares-liis  belief  that  their  wealth  was  real,  but-that  it  belonged  langely 
to  their  children.  6.  They  will  make  the-delivery  by  degrees. 
7.  Fill  it  full. 

e.  1.  It-will-be  as-well,  after-all,  to  apply  soon.     2.  Which-will 
you  take,  of-all  they  offer  ?    3.  They-will-go,  if  you-will.    4.  What- 
will-they  dp  with-all-those  boxes  ?    5.  She-will  do  the-work  as-well- 

,as  he  does-it. 


COMBINATIONS — VOCALIZING  INITIAL  HOOKS.  83 

Sec.  14.  When  circles  are  combined  with  hooks,  the  combina- 
tions are  named  Sper,  Spel,  Sfer,  Sfel,  etc.  When  the  small  loop  is 
thus  combined,  the  outlines  are  called  Stepr,  Stetr,  etc.  The  loops 
cannot  be  combined  with  hooks  on  curved  stems,  and  Ses  is  never 
combined  with  a  hook  at  the  beginning  of  an  outline.  In  writing 
circles  within  hooks  on  curved  stems,  care  should  be  taken  not  to 
change  the  size  of  the  hook.  (Lines  10-12,  page  71.) 

Spray,  spry,  sapper,  supper,  sober,  saber,  stray,  straw,  strew, 
suitor,  sitter,  setter,  cedar,  sadder,  cider,  sager,  sicker,  soaker,  safer, 
cypher,  suffer,  savor,  sealer,  simmer,  saner,  signer,  singer.  Stopper, 
stupor,  slabber,  stater,  staider,  stitcher,  stager,  sticker,  stoker, 
stalker,  stagger. 

a.  Supple,  supply,  sable,  settle,  saddle,  sidle,  satchel,  sickle, 
cycle,  civil,  sizzle,  social. 

d.  It  occasionally  happens  that  a  hook  cannot  be  made  exact, 
when  preceded  by  a  circle  in  the  middle  of  an  outline.  Care  should 
be  taken,  in  such  cases,  that  it  be  sufficiently  indicated. 

Pastry,  besieger,  tasker,  decipher,  destroy,  descry,  disagree, 
gossamer,  vestry,  vesper,  massacre,  mastery,  extra.  Peaceable, 
paschal,  disclose,  disciple,  disable,  explosive,  gospel,  physical, 
visible,  useful. 

Sec.  15.  Do  not  pass  this  section  without  understanding  it 
perfectly.  It  provides  the  only  means  of  indicating  vowels  between 
stems  and  their  initial  hooks.  Do  not  leave  it  so  carelessly  as  to 
make  it  possible  for  you  to  attempt  to  apply  the  rule  to  final  hooks 
hereafter.  It  does  not  apply  to  final  hooks. 

Partial,  paraphrase,  parsimony,  perceive,  purple,  dark,  cheer- 
ful, Charles,  journey,  journal,  church,  kernel,  courage,  course,  excur- 
sive, nearly,  more,  tell,  till,  delicacy,  call,  cull,  cool,  college,  calumny, 
unskilful, "fill,  fell,  fulfil,  falsify,  volume,  valuable,  vulgar,  village, 
vulnerable. 

How  may  be  indicated,  at  the  beginning  of  a  phrase,  by  either 
the  Chav-  or  Ray-tick,  but  the  tick  is  always  written  immediately 
below  the  line. 

How-much.  How-long.  How-many.  How-far  How-wide. 
How-can.  How-true. 

1.  ^he-judge  committed  the-defendant.  2.  Ah,  Mary,  you  forget 
that -we  already  oire  the-agent's  wife  a-dollar.  8.  He  gave-us  his  age. 
4.  "The-youth  who  acfompdnu'l  him  was  imrtliy  of  notice.  5.  They 
occupy  the  farm  which  adjoins  his,  but  they-are  indifferent  counties. 


84  THE  N-HOOK — FINAL  TICKS. 

Sec.  16.  TheN-Hook. — Make  the  hook  small,  on  both  straight 
and  curved  stems.  This  hook  cannot  be  used,  when  the  sound  of  N 
is  followed  by  a  vowel  at  the  end  of  a  word.  (Lines  13,  Z£,  p.  71.) 

Pine,  spine,  pun,  plain,  prone.  Spain,  pan,  plan,  bin,  brain, 
blown,  tone,  train,  stain.  Dane,  done,  sudden,  drown,  chain,  join. 
June,  keen,  crane,  clown,  skin,  screen,  gain,  grown,  fawn.  Often, 
stiffen,  vain,  even,  seven.  Thane,  thin,  then,  assign,  sheen,  shine, 
sullen,  slain,  lawn,  earn,  stern  (stRn),  reign.  Rhine,  mean,  moan, 
Simon,  marine,  moon,  known,  noon,  swain,  swan,  one.  wine,  yawn. 
Pekin,  pippin,  pigeon,  pennon  (PnN),  bacon,  beaten.  Buffon, 
obtain,  bemoan,  balloon,  tighten,  ottoman,  detain,  dungeon,  domain. 
Chicken,  cheapen,  kitchen,  cunning,  griffin,  gammon,  foeman, 
vanish  (Vn£A),  linen. 

b.  Olean,  alien,  ruin,  galleon,  scion.     Pretorian,  grammarian, 
agrarian,  valerian,  censorian,  clarion. 

c.  Pines,  spines,  sprains,  bones,  bans,  buns,  tones,  trains,  stains, 
strains  (sTrns),  dins,  dense,  drowns,  Siddons,  chains,  chance,  joins, 
canes,  coins,  gains,  groans,  glance.     Johnson,  Robinson,  Wisconsin, 
Benson's. 

d.  Pounced,    pranced,    bounced,    danced,    chanced,  glanced. 
Spinster,  punster,  spinsters,  punsters. 

e.  Princes,    prances,    pounces,    bounces,     trounces,    dunces, 
chances,  sconces,  cleanses,  glances. 

f .  Fence,  softens,  fawns,  veins,  heavens,  Athens,  thence,  assigns, 
oceans,  shuns,  shines,  lens,  loans,  lance,  rains,  rinse,  runs,  me 
immense,  nonce,  announce,  wines. 

FINAL  TICKS  AFTER  THE  N-HOOK. 

HE,  THE.— Use  the  Ray-tick  for  He  or  The,  after  Fr 
and  Ngn  ;  the  P-tick  after  Kn,  Gn,  Thn,  Dim,  Ln,  Mn,  Yj 
Rn.  Use  the  Chay-tick  for  either  of  these  words,  after 
N-hook  combination. 

I. — Use  the  T-tick  only,  for  /. 

A, AN, AND. — Use  the  K-  or  T-tick,  choosing  that-^one  which 
will  make  the  best  angle  with  the  hook. 

Even-he.  Again-he.  Then-he.  Combine-the.  Taken-the. 
Imagine-the.  Connect-the.  Forgotten-the.  Within-the.  Lengthen- 
the.  Within-a.  Then-an. 

1.  The-man,  has-been  connected  with  \\\c-bank  continuously,  since- 
it-was  organized.  2.  If -they  combine  and-organize,  I-imagme  the- 
trouble  will  continue  as  it  lias  begun.  3.  Within-*,  week,  the  stock 
has-been  generally  taken,  by-men  of  financial  ability,  and-they  will 


THE  F-HOOK--FINAL  TICKS.  85 

begin  at-once  to  organize  the-company.  with-a  new  constitution. 
4.  His-disease  is  organic,  and-his-pairT  lias-been  continuous  since-it 
began.  5.  The-divine  law  is  the-basis  of  what-has-been  denominated 
human  law.  6.  To  some,  the-duties  of  religion  are  a-continual 
punishment. 

g.  Before-aiid-after.  For-an-hour.  Did-not-have.  Come-and- 
go.  Cannot-be.  Give-an-opinion.  Your-own.  Our-own.  More- 
than.  Up-and-down.  Thought-not.  May-not-have.  Did-not-he. 
Cannot-I.  Was-not-that. 

Sec.  17.  The  F-Hook. — This  hook  is  made  small,  on  straight 
stems,  and  on  the  L-hook  side  of  the  stem.  On  curved  stems,  it  is 
made  long  and  narrow,  to  distinguish  it  from  the  X-hook.  It  will 
require  care  to  make  it  accurately,  but  after  a  little  practice  it  may 
be  made  readily  and  correctly.  It  should  be  made  as  if  it  were  to  be 
a  large  loop,  but  without  closing  the  loop.  (Lines  15,  16,  page  71.) 

Pave,  approve,  puff.  beef,  brief,  bluff,  tough,  dove,  drove,  chief, 
chafe,  chaff.  Jove  cuff,  cliff,  crave,  carve,  grief,  grove,  teaf, 
s/ave,  /ave,  /uff,  fciugh.  /fcef,  rave,  roof,  move,  miff,  muff,  knave. 
Knife,  enough,  weave,  woof,  spavin.  Tiffany,  divine,  achieving, 
jovial,  cover,  govern,  /over,  river,  re  very,  nymph,  traffic. 

a.     Paves,   puffs,  beeves,  doves,  defense,  coves,  raves,  moves, 

knives,  s/aves. 

FINAL  TICKS  AFTER  THE  F-HOOK. 

HE,  THE.— Use  the  Chay-tick  for  He  or  The,  after  Sf,  Zf ,  Shf, 
Zhf,  Rf,  and  Wf  ;  the  Ray-tick  after  Pf,  Bf,  Kf,  Gf,  Ff ,  Vf,  Xf , 
Xgf,  and  .Rf.  Use  the  P-tick  for  either  of  these  words  after  any 
other  F-hook  combination. 

I.— Use  the  T-tick  only,  for  /. 

A,AX,AXD. — Use  the  K-  or  T-tick,  choosing  that  one  which 
will  make  the  best  angle  with  the  hook. 

Whatever-he.  Hope-to-have-the.  Whatever-I.  Perform-an. 
Refer-a  Thoughtful-and. 

1.    Wh<ilii-tr  success    you    hope-to-hace    from    ihe-performance, 
l-ti/lrixe  you  to  refer  to  him  for-his  opinion,  and  to  be  governed  by-his 
adcice.      2.    His,  deformity    is    objective,    but    the-paiu    he-suffers    is 
subjective  and-difficult  to  prove.     3     His   early  poverty  developed  a- 
th&ughtful  care.     4     His  language  developcs  nothing   new  upon  the- 
5.   They-are  yming,  but  you-are  now  well  along  in  years,  and 
^Cannot  perform  such  labor.      6.    To-whom  do  you  refer?     7.    He-is 
ri-corery,  I-am  advised. 


86  -THE  Y-HOOK — THE  W-HOOK — THE  TEH-HOOK. 

c.  Part-of.       What-have-been.      It-will-have.       Difference-of- 
opinion.      Ever-have.       Have-ever.      They-have-known.      So-have. 
I-shall-have.      He-should-have.     May-have.      Know-of.     Think-of. 
We-have. 

d.  Fifing,  thieving,  shoving,  leaving,  moving,  weaving.    Ever- 
have-been.      Have-ever-been.      They-have-been.      I-shall-have-been. 
He-will-have-been.     It-may-have-been.      We-have-been.     You-have- 
been. 

Sec.  18.  The  Y-Hook. — As  stated  in  the  rule,  this  hook  is 
used  only  for  phrasing  purposes.  On  straight  stems,  it  is  made 
twice  the  size  of  the  R-hook.  On  a  curved  stem,  it  is  made  of  the 
exact  shape  of  the  F-hook  on  curves,  but  it  is  only  used  initially. 

Upon-your-own.  Pay-your-money.  Before-you-know.  Do-you- 
not-know  ?  Had-you-ever-been  ?  Did-you-state  ?  Which-you-have. 
Can-you-state  ?  If-you-do.  Have-you-not-been  ?  Should-you-say-so  ? 
May-you-not-be  ?  In-your-opinion.  Would-you-not-say  ?  What- 
year. 

a.  What-will-you  ?  Where-will-you-go  ?  Either-you  or-your 
brother.  In-that-year.  Or-will-you.  Where-were-you  ? 

Sec.  19.  The  W-Hook. — This  hook  is  made  twice  the  size  of 
the  L-hook.  It  is  not  used  on  curved  stems. 

Twins,  twain,  twice,  twenty,  twig,  Edwin,  dwell,  quaff,  queen, 
quince,  squeak,  squib,  squash,  quiver,  quill,  queer,  Gwinn,  quarrel, 
squirrel,  query,  quest,  quail,  square. 

a.  Upon-what-is-that  ?      Before-we-may-have.       But-whether- 
they-have.     What-we-have-been.     What-would-you  ?     But-what-is- 
that  ?    Do-we-not-know  ?    Had-we-ever-been.    Can-we-not-go  ?    Or- 
whether-it-was.     Are-we-not  ? 

b.  Would-be.     We-would.     That-we-were.     Nor-were-we.    If- 
you-were.     I-wish-you-would-go. 

1.  He-was  quartered  in-that  dwelling.  2.  They  acquiesced,  as- 
soon-as-the  question  arose.  3.  He-dwelt  near-the  railway.  4.  Do-not 
dwell  too  long  on-the  question,  if-they  acquiesce.  5.  The-noise 
bewilders  her. 

Sec.  20.  The  Ter-Hook. — This  hook  is  made  on  the  N-hook 
side  of  any  straight  stem,  and  is  twice  the  size  of  that  hook.  It  adds 
to  the  stem  the  syllable  Ter,  Der,  or  Ther. 

Peter,  platter,  potter,  splutter,  beater,  bather,  bitter,  bother, 
blotter,  braider,  tighter,  traitor,  tatters,  chatter,  crater,  clatter,  gaiter. 

a,  b.  Patters,  praters,  bothers,  braiders,  blotters,  daughters, 
debtors,  caters,  glitters.  Battering,  pottering,  tottering,  chattering, 
glittering,  clattering,  guttering. 


THE  M-HOOK — THE  TION-HOOK. 


c.  Upon-all-their.  About-what-they-are.  At-all-their.  Do- 
their-best.  Change-their.  Cau-there-be  ?  Go-there. 

Sec.  21.  The  M-Hook. — This  is  also  a  large  hook,  and  is' 
made  on  the  F-hook  side  of  any  straight  stem,  or  on  the  inside  of  a 
curved  stem.  Make  it  short  and  broad. 

Palm,  prim,  prime,  plum,  balm,  bomb,  broom,  bloom. 
Brim,  team.  tame,  tomb,  trim,  tramway.  Dim,  dumb,  dream,  dram, 
chum,  chime.  Jim,  gems,  jam,  calm,  comb,  cam,  crime,  clime, 
crumb,  chrome.  Gleam,  groom,  grim,  gloom,  fame,  foam,  vim. 
Thumb,  them,  sachem,  shame,  sham,  limb,  lame,  loam.  Slam,  lime, 
arm.  rim,  room,  roam,  rhymes.  Maim,  ma'am,  mum,  mummery, 
name,  gnome. 

a.  Primes,  brooms,   blooms,   teams,   trims,   dreams,    chimes, 
gems,  crimes,  clams,  foams,  shames,  slams,  maims,  names.     Prim- 
ing, teaming,  chiming,  charming,  foaming,  shamming,  naming. 

b.  Premium,  delirium,  encomium,  equilibrium,  emporium. 

c.  Upon-him.    It-may-be.    What-time.    Watch-him.    For-him. 
\Vith-him.     At-that-time.     Did-you-make-known.     For-my-sake. 

d.  By-their-own.     Better-than.     Kather-tlian.     Upon-my-own. 
Ever-have-been.     We-have-been.     For-my-own.     At-their-own. 

1.  He-was  commissioned  soon  after-he-was  nominated.  2.  The- 
commissioner  did-not  discriminate  between  ^he-memoranda  which- 
were  produced.  3.  I-was  familiar  with  the-famity,  for --some-time,. 

4.  They-will  themselves  make-a  memorandum  of  the-minimum  price. 

5.  They  cannot-be  forced  to  criminate  themselves. 

Sec.  22.  The  Tion-Hook. — Make  the  circle  small,  and  draw 
the  back-hook  close  to  the  stem. 

Potion,  passion,  option,  edition,  addition,  auction,  caution, 
occasion,  action.  Fashion,  fusion,  evasion,  vision,  ovation,  session, 
elision,  elation,  illusion,  allusion.  Oration,  erosion,  ration,  mission, 
emotion,  nation,  notion,  unction.  Petition,  palliation,  pollution,  ablu- 
tion, ebullition,  tertian,  education,  adoption,  devotion,  admission. 
Delusion,  adulation,  adoration,  ejection,  junction.  Fiction,  affec- 
tion, faction,  affliction,  function.  Vacation,  avocation,  variation, 
location,  legation,  elevation,  erection.  Irrigation,  rotation,  imita- 
tion, magician,  monition,  ammunition,  notation,  invasion. 

Potions,  editions,  cautions,  actions,  fashions,  visions,  sessions, 
allusions,  portions  (P.Rsns),  narrations. 

Expansion,  detention,  declension,  pension,  abstention,  suspen- 
sion, tension,  extension,  distension. 

b.  Professional,  optional,  exceptional,  educational.  Devo- 
tional, sectional,  factional,  functional,  emotional,  national,  notional. 
Petitioner,  stationary,  dictionary,  auctioneer,  electioneer,  visionary. 


HALVING. 


c.  Petitioned,  pensioned,  proportioned,  cautioned,  occasioned, 
motioned,  fashioned.     Proportionate,  affectionate,  passionate. 

d.  Causation,    accession,     accusation,    precision,    procession, 
physician,    cessation,    incision,     musician.      Accessions,    decisions, 
processions.     Processional,  sensational. 

e.  f.     Transition,   concession  (Knssn),    dispensation,    condensa- 
tion   (with    Con-dot),     compensation,     organization.      Transitional. 
Fusionist,  visionist,  factionist,  elocutionist. 

1.  Before  the  decision,  there-was  much  opposition  to-his  occupa- 
tion of  ihe-position  in  ihe-organization  for-which-he  had-been  given 
t\\e-nomination.  2.  It-is-my-recollection  that  the-adoption  of  the- 
resolution  by  ihe-institution  was  conditional  upon  ihe-continuation  of- 
his  connection  with  the-denommation.  3.  Additional  information 
comes  to  our  attention,  which  fixes  t\\e-cf>nviction  that  ihe-contention 
of-that  portion  of  tlie-denomination  will-be-sure  to  take  from  him  the 
possession  of  that  position. 

Sec.  23.  Halving. — The  student  will  recognize  the  importance 
of  making  his  stems  accurate  in  length,  that  he  may  have  no  diffi- 
culty in  distinguishing  half-lengths.  It  is  also  necessary  that  care 
be  taken  to  make  the  different  hooks  and  circles  of  proper  size,  on- 
half-lengths.  The  first  position  for  half-lengths,  is  at  the  height  of 
a  T-stem  above  the  line ;  and  the  third  position  is  immediately  below 
but  touching  the  line  of  writing.  (Line  17 ',  page  71.) 

Peat,  pet,  pat,  bead,  bid,  bud,  bowed,  taught.  Tight,  deed, 
date,  dude,  cheat,  chat,  jawed,  caught,  coat.  Cute,  gait,  goad,  get, 
God,  good,  fate,  fought,  fat,  foot.  Evade,  vat,  vied,  vowed,  viewed, 
east,  oust,  eased,  oozed.  Sheet,  shoot,  shot,  shut,  load,  laid,  let,  lot, 
light,  allowed,  art,  heart,  erred.  /  Kate,  wrought,  wrote,  write,  rut. 
Meet,  made,  might,  need,  note,  weed,  wait,  wooed,  yacht. 

Pride,  plate,  pained,  puffed,  pattered,  palmed,  supped.  Braid, 
blood,  bend,  abaft,  sobbed.  Treat,  told,  tuned,  tuft,  sighted.  Dried, 
addled,  dunned,  daft,  dimmed,  sodded.  Cheered,  chained,  chilled, 
achieved,  chimed,  chattered,  charred.  Joined,  jammed.  Cried,  cold, 
conned,  coughed,  catered,  calmed,  skate,  scanned.  Agreed,  glad, 
gained,  gift,  gathered,  gummed.  Fright,  flat,  faint,  fifed,  fumed, 
soft,  feats.  Averred,  valued,  vend,  saved,  vats,  vents.  Thread, 
thinned,  theft,  thumbed,  soothed.  Shield,  shunned,  shift,  shamed, 
shoots.  Lord,  lined,  left,  loomed,  lights,  slight.  Errand,  armed, 
arts,  seared.  Rolled,  round,  rift,  roomed,  rights.  Mind,  muffed, 
maimed,  meets.  Neared,  knifed,  named,  needs.  Word,  wield, 
wind,  waved,  swayed.  Yield. 

a.  Sent.  Send.  Let.  Laid.  Lent.  Lend.  Met.  Made. 
Meant.  Mend.  Hurt.  Heard. 


HALVING — LENGTHENING — SPECIAL    RULES. 

d.  When  it  is  desired  to  distinguish  the  sounds  of  T  and  D,  in 
halving  Ray  (as  in  the  words  fort  and  ford),  the  stem  maybe  slightly 
shaded  for  the  latter  sound. 

Pillared,  feared,  veered,  leered,  laird,  lard,  lured,  fort,  ford, 
afford,  lowered,  mired.  Kindred  (KndJM1),  covered  (Kv.Rd). 

e.  Motive,  talkative,  active,   ablative,   operative,   susceptive, 
adjective,    elective,     captive,    negative,    provocative,    speculative, 
lucrative,    figurative,    defective,    productive,    native,    destructive, 
irruptive. 

f.  Upon-the-occasion.     Pay-the-inoney.     By-the-time.     Before- 
it-came.      At-the-same-time.      To-the-master.      Did-it-mean.      Had- 
the-time.     Can-it-be.     For-it-was-not.      Of-the-service.      Any-of-the- 
tirne.     Some-of-it.     Part-of-the-time  (Pft3M).     Give-to-him. 

g.  What-did-he.     He-did-not  (Hd'Nt).    She-did-not.    You-did. 
That-did.     We-did.     They-did.     When-did-you-go  ?    Why-did-you- 
leave  ?     Where-did-he-live  ?     How-did-you  ?     In-what-way.     For- 
what-purpose  (FtPr).     From-what-time. 

1.  According-to-liis  statement,  they -had  ^.-particular  opportunity 
to  understand  what-the  gentleman  meant,  but  notwithstanding-thai, 
it-seemed  that  nobody  in-the  neighborhood  quite  understood  it.  2.  You- 
will-not  need  it  immediately.  3.  I-shall-be-able-to  build  tlie-building 
toward  fall.  4.  A.-good-man  might-be  somewhat  negligent,  but  he- 
cou!d-not-\>e  guilty  of-such  neglect  as-that.  5.  Anybody  would  accept 
such-an  opportunity,  I-am-pretty-sure,  except  an-individual  mentally 
deficient  (DfSh),  by  nature,  as  he-seems  to  be.  6.  The-ej-jjenditure 
was-not  under  a-hundred-doUars. 

Sec.  24.  Lengthening  — Father,  finder,  flounder,  vendor, 
thither,  aster,  asunder,  shatter,  shouter,  slighter,  slender,  laughter, 
ardor,  mother,  smatter,  mentor,  another,  wonder,  hunter,  re8nter,  in- 
ventor, dissenter,  defender. 

Frequenter,  enchanter,  taunter,  encounter,  plunders,  blinders, 
glanders. 

b.  Been-there.  Done-there.  Cannot-there.  Gone-there.  For- 
there-has-been  (Ftrsn).  Have-there-been.  Of-their.  Thought-there. 
With-their.  See-there.  May-there.  In-there.  Without-their.  When- 
they-are.  The-other  (Dhtr).  Some-other  (sMtr). 

Sec.  25.  a. — Rented,  gifted,  wounded,  dated,  goaded,  intend- 
ed, cheated,  invited,  rotated,  coated,  estimated,  separated.  Potted, 
braided,  budded,  shouted,  spotted,  mended,  vaunted,  shunted. 
Ascended,  hated,  landed,  counted,  banded,  weeded,  tufted.  Lighted, 
plotted,  omitted,  blighted,  surrounded,  invaded,  rewarded. 

Posted,  boasted,  breasted,  toasted,  twisted,  digested,  detested, 
jested,  coasted,  crested.  Manifested,  feasted,  invested,  harvested, 
listed,  ballasted,  arrested,  wasted. 


90  SPECIAL  RULES  AND   SUGGESTIONS. 

Pestered,  plastered,  blistered,  blustered,  registered.  Festered, 
bolstered,  mastered,  mustered. 

b.  Read  the  rule  carefully,  and  read  "  The  Choice  of  Outlines," 
page  70.  See,  also,  illustrative  words  on  page  64. 

h.  Destruction,  distraction,  obstruction,  abstraction,  applica- 
tion, attainment,  assignment,  contract,  attract,  contraction,  attraction, 
achievement,  fact,  effect,  afflict,  affliction,  darkness,  electricity, 
obligation. 

Consonants  may  often  be  omitted  in  other  classes  of  words  than 
those  heretofore  mentioned,  but  the  writer  should  be  governed  by 
the  rule  that  nothing  should  be  omitted  which  is  essential  to  the 
perfect  legibility  of  the  outline.  It  is  generally  safe  to  omit  a 
consonant  which  is  sounded  but  slightly,  if  a  better  outline  may  be 
secured  by  so  doing.  The  following  examples  will  suggest  the 
proper  application  of  this  expedient : 

Mostly,  MsZ.  Postal,  PsL.  Specification,  sPsFsn.  Ratifica- 
tion, .Rt3Fsn.  Attempt,  TMt.  Dumped,  DMt.  Anxious,  NgShs3. 
Sanction,  sNgsn3.  Assumption,  S3Msn.  Improvement,  MPr3Mnt. 
Slightest,  sZtst1.  Brightest,  Brtst'.  Chamber,  ChBr.  Timber,  TBr. 
Lumber,  ZmR.  Slumber,  sLmR.  Intelligence,  NtJns.  Arrange- 
ment, RMnt.  Typewriter,  T^tr.  Inspect,  KsPt.  Reject,  JZJt. 
Forgiven,  FGn.  « 

I.  Where  the  stem  Ng  can  be  used  as  conveniently,  the  back- 
hook  should  not  be  used  for  the  termination  -ing. 

Premising,  epitomising,  prancing,  debasing,  dispensing,  danc- 
ing, chastising,  temporizing,  transposing,  endorsing  (NdRsn), 
surmising,  using. 

Proceeding,  prickling,  prevailing,  sprinkling,  breathing,  dump- 
ling, shearing,  shelving.  . 

m.  Came-to-Syracuse.  Difficult-to-understaild.  Brought-it- 
to-me.  About-to-be.  Soon-to-begin.  Sure-to-be-able-to.  Hope-to- 
be-there.  Give-that-to-them.  Trouble-to-change. 

Strange  to-say.  Willing  to-state.  Read-it  to-him.  Show-it 
to-her.  Good-news  to-all-men.  Given  to-you.  Went  to-the-market. 
Gone  to-their-house. 

I.  It-is-to-be  hoped  that  intelligent  and-independent  electors  will- 
not  forget-the;/a<^  that-such-men  are  behind  the- movement.  2.  With- 
in a-day-or-two,  we-shall-have  a-contract  for-a  large  quantity,  which- 
we  hope  will-have  \\ie-effect  of  attracting  trade.  3.  They-had  no 
authonty-to-direct  that-it-should-be  examined.  4.  He  remarked,  with- 
regard-to-the  new  supply  of  water,  that-it  would-be-a  year-or-two 
before-it-could-be  obtained.  5..  It-is  frequently  mentioned  among-his 


PKEFIXES  AND  AFFIXES — PHRASING.  91 

<i'-i/'i((intftnces,  yet  he-continues-to-act  iritho/if-regard-to-ihe  importance 
of-the-subject.  6.  It  was  decreed  that  the  convict  should  be  subjected 
to  a  punishment  //(ensured  by  the  grade  of  his  crime. 

Sec.  26.  Prefixes  and  Affixes. — Accommodate.  Competi- 
tion, contrition,  concussion.  Uuconfined,  incumbency,  recognize. 
Controvert,  countermand,  contradict.  Foreborne,  forward.  Instru- 
ment, unsalable.  Introduction,  introvert,  enterprise.  Magnetism. 
Kelator.  Selfabased,  selfdenial.  Thereby,  therefor,  thereafter. 
Unable,  invincible.  Season ableness.  Docketed,  tidied,  dictated. 
Essential,  penitential.  Whichever,  whosoever,  whensoever.  There- 
fore, uniform.  Thankful,  wrongful.  Disdainful,  graceful,  brim- 
ful, sinful.  Impressing,  pottering,  dreaming,  removing.  Drawing. 
Provokingly,  exceedingly.  Trying-a,  growing-an.  Drawing-the, 
raking-the.  Beings,  doings.  Probability,  popularity.  Visibility, 
legality,  minority,  rascality,  neutrality.  Boundlessness,  worthless- 
ness.  Sacramental.  Doxology.  Typographer,  bibliography.  Him- 
self, itself,  for-itself,  themselves.  Lordship.  Cleanly,  sorely. 

Disjoined  stems  must  be  written  very  near  the  remainder  of  the 
outline. 

Sec.  27.  i.  In-this-statement,  NThssTtMnt,  For-example, 
FsMPl.  I-may-as-well,  p^l^L.  In-writing,  Nrt'Xg.  Hand-writing, 
Nrt;jNg.  At-any  rate,  TNrt.  At-all-events,  TlvNts.  At-length, 
Tin.  Most-likely,  MsZKl.  Most-of-the-time,  MsM.  It-must-be, 
TMsB.  Some-of-the-time.  s.M.M.  According-to-my-recollection, 
Krd'M-ffsn,  Some-other,  sMtr.  In-the-conv^rsation,  XtVssn.  Are- 
engaged,  .Kn3G.  I-call-your-attention,  pKlYsn.  Called-my-attention, 
Kld'Msn.  In-tliat-season,  XThssn3.  In-his-house,  Xss1.  I-don't- 
know-as-I-do,  ?-DnXsD.  What-is-the-matter,  Ts'Mtr.  Lake-street, 
.ZKst.  In-my-store,  X'Mstr. 

q.  •  Upon-him.  With-him.  Offend-him.  Lend-him.  Atteud- 
him.  Pain-him. 

r.  By-himself.  To-himself.  For-himself.  With-himself. 
Against-himself. 

s.  At-one.  But-one.  Each-one.  Which-one.  Any-one.  No- 
one.  Long-one.  Every -one.  Either-one.  Other-one.  Only -one 

t.  The-base-is.  "The-case-is.  Buys-his.  Knows-his.  It-is-as- 
large. 

u.  In-the-spring.  In-the-summer.  In-the-same-place.  In-con- 
sideration  of-that. 

v.  It-should-be.  I-should-think.  He-should-not-have.  We- 
should-not. 

w.  I-have  (<v').  I-say.  He-is.  He-has.  On-his.  All-is.  All- 
has-been.  Who-were.  Who-will.  Who-have.  Who-is  (or  has). 

x.  Piece-of-land.  What-time-of-day.  .  State-of-Maine.  Justice- 
of-the-peace  (JsPs). 

y.  20  or  30.  17  or  18  hundred-dollars.  From  7  to  10.  Between 
5  and  6  thousand. 


WORDS   ENDING   WITH    L. 


The  ftgn 


es  give  the  positions  of  the  outlines.    The  sign 
should  be  inserted. 


HOOK  L. 

Comply,  ply,  plea. 
People,  compel,  play. 
•Apply,  apple,  plow. 
Belpng-ed,  by  all. 
Beliel'-ve-d,  able-y. 
Blue,  blew,  about  all. 
Tall,  what  will. 
Till,  tell,  it  will,  at  all. 
Tool,  to  all,  but  will. 
Idol,  idle,  idyll,  did  all. 
Deliver-ed-y,  do  all. 
Addle,  had  all. 
Each  will,  watch  all. 
Children,  which  will. 
Much  will,  charge  all. 

Angel. 

Largely,  agile. 

Equal-ed,call,kill,clOY 

Claim-ed,  coal,clay-ey. 

Clerk,  cool,  clue. 

Eagle,  glee. 

Ugly,  ogle. 

Glue. 

Fill,flEE,flaw,awful-ly 

Fell,  HAY,  How. 

Full-y,  Hue,  new. 

Evil,  of  all. 

Oval. 

Value. 

Little. 

Lull. 

*Rely,  real-ly,  or  all. 
*Kail,oral-ly,there  will. 
*Rule,  are  all. 
tFrom  all. 
•t-Eaii. 


May  all. 

Mai. 

In  all. 

Only,  null,  know  all. 

Knew  all. 

Wall,  awhile. 

Wool-ly. 

"When  will. 
How  will. 


DOWNWARD  L. 

Pall,  ap-peal,  pile,  pill. 

Pale,  pail,  pole,  poll. 

Pull,  pool.  - 

Ball,  bill,  boil,  bile. 

Bale,  bail,    bell,    bowl. 

Bull,  buhl. 

TEal,  tile,  toil. 

Tale,  tail,  toll. 

Towel. 

Deal,  doll,  dial,  ideal. 

Dale,  dole,coNdole,  dell. 

Dual,  duel, dowel,  [dull. 

Chill. 

jrt 

Congeal,  gill. 
Jail. 

Jewel,  jowl. 
Commonly,  keel,  chvle. 
Kail.  caul,  coil. 

Gall,  gill,  guile. 
Gale,  goal,  gull. 
Ghoul. 

Feel,  fall,  file,  foil. 
Fail,  foal. 
Fool,  fuel,  fowl. 
Veal,  vile,  viol,  vial. 
Avail,  veil,  vale. 
Vowel,  avowal. 


*Reel,  rill,  royal. 
*Rowel. 

Timely. 


Kneel,  Anneal,  nil. 

Nail,  knell, knoll,  Annul. 

Anuual-ly. 
llWeal. 
II Wail,  well  (of  water.) 

THeal,  haul,  hall,  hill-y. 
liHail,  hale,  hell,  hull. 
«iHowl. 


irlicatetl   by 


UPWARD   L. 
Pillow. 
Haply. 

Happily,  pulley. 
Belie,  bailee,  by-law. 
Below,  bellow,  belay. 
Bully. 

At  law. 

Tallow,  tally,  outlaw. 

Differently,  ideally, Oddly. 

Daily,  dahlia,  delay. 

Dally,  duly. 

Chilly. 


Jolly. 
Jelly. 
July. 

Common     law,     collie, 
Lkey-HOle. 
Coolie,  callow. 

Gala,  gaily,  gully. 

Galley. 

Filly,  folly. 

Folio,  fellow,  follow. 

Fallow. 

Villa,  volley. 

Heavily. 

Valley,  uvula. 

LEal,  loyal,  lily,  loll. 

Lowly,  ill-will. 

*Royally. 

*Relay. 

*Rally. 

tAerial,  aurelia. 

$Early,    airily,    airnqle, 

^Hourly.  [oriel. 

Meal-y,  mall,  mill,  mile. 

Mail,     melee,     mellow, 

Mallow,  mule.       [mole. 

Nolle. 

Inlay,  nulla. 

Newly. 

Wile-y,  willow. 

Waylay. 

Wallow. 

Holly. 

Hollow,  holloa,  halo. 

Hallow,  halloo. 


*  Written  with  Ray.       t  Written  with  Ar.       $  Ar-Lay.       II  Written  with 
semi-circle.       H  Written  with  H-tick  and  Lay. 


WORDS   ENDING   WITH    R. 


The  figures  give   the  positions  of  the  outlines.    The  signs  indicated  by  small  capitals 
should  be  inserted. 


HOOK  R. 

1.  Appear,  proper,  pry. 

2.  Upper,  pray,  prey,pro. 

3.  Practice,  prow. 

1.  Liberty. 

2.  Remember. 

3.  Brother,  number,  brE\v. 

1.  Internal,  tree.  Eater. 

2.  Truth,  tray,  utter. 

3.  True,  outer,  coNtra. 

1.  Dear,  dry,  draw.  Eider. 

2.  Doctor,  dray.  Odor. 

3.  During,  dark,  drew. 

1.  Watcher,  cheer. 

2.  Etcher,  chair. 

3.  Char. 

1.  Conjure. 

2.  Adjourn-ed. 

3.  Jury,  larger,  junior. 

1.  Decree,  crxw,  cry. 

2.  Care,  occur,  concur. 

3.  Car,cure,crew,accrue. 

1.  Agree,  degree,  augur. 

2.  Gray,  grow,  ogiv. 

3.  Grew. 

1.  Offer,  free,  fry. 

2.  Fray,  fro,  confer. 

3.  Affray. 

1.  Over,  of  her. 

2.  Every,  very.  Hover. 

3.  Aver. 

1.  Wisher. 

2.  Usher. 

3.  Sure,  shrew. 
1.  Lawyer. 


1.  fOr  were. 

2.  tRailroad,  there  were. 

1.  (From  her. 

2.  HError,  where  were. 

1.  Mere. 

2.  More,  aimer,  Hummer. 

3.  Mar,  humor.. 

1.  Near,  nor,  honor,  in- 
L'.    Manner.  [ner. 
3.     Owner. 

]  .    We  were. 

2.  Work. 


1. 

2.  Whon  were. 

3.  How  were. 


DOWNWARD  R. 
CoM-peer,  pier,  pyre. 
Coin-pare,  pour,  payer. 
Happier,  poor,  power. 
Beer,  bier,  buyer,      [or. 
Bear,  bore,  burr,  obEY- 
Bar,  boor,  bower. 
Tier,  tear,  at-tire. 
Tare,  tear,  tore. 
Tar,  coN-tour,  tower. 
Deer,  coMmodore,  dire. 
Dare,  doer,  door,  adore. 
Dower. 

Chore. 

Jeer,  objector. 

Ajar. 

Jar,  adjure. 

Core,  corps,  cohEir. 
Cower. 
Gear,  giver. 
Gore,  goer. 


UPWARD  R. 
Opera,  pariAH,  peri. 
Apiary. 
Pure,  parry. 
Borrow. 

Bury,  burrow,  borough. 
Barrow, bureau,bowery 
Tyro,  tiara. 
Terra,  tor y. 
Tarry. 

Diarrhoea,  diary. 
Dairy,  dory. 
Dowry. 
Cheery. 
Chary,  cherry. 


Curry. 
Carry. 
Augury. 
Gory. 


Fear,  A-fire.  Fiery,     [furrow,  furry. 

At-fair,  A-fore,  fur,  nr.    Fairy,  faro, foray, ferry, 


Fewer,  A-far. 
Veer. 
Conveyor. 
Viewer,  avower. 
Sheer,  shear,  shire. 
Share,  A-shore,  shower 
Shower,  assure. 
Liar,  Her,  lyre,  leer. 
Lair,  layer,  lower,  lore.    *Allayer. 
Lure,  lower  (to  threaten)  *  Allure. 
JOrrery. 


Farrow,  fury. 

Ivory. 

Vary,  Aviary,  ovary. 

Avowry. 

Sherry. 
Showery,  ashery. 


'  Arrcar,  from  our. 
r  Where  our. 

Mire. 

Mayor,  mare,  myrrh. 

Moor,  amour. 

Niirhur,  aimoYer. 

Ne'er. 

Newer,  inure. 

Wire,  weir. 

Wore,  wear,  a-ware. 

Wooer. 

War  (with  semi-circle.) 
•HHire,  higher. 
•HHair-Y,  hoar. 
•H-Hewer. 


*Aurora. 
**Rear. 
**Roar,  rower,  rare. 

Miry,  morrow. 

Mower,  Emery,  merry. 

Marry,  marrow. 


Narrow. 
Wiry,  we  are. 
Worry,  wary. 


•H-Hero, 

•H-Hoary,  hurry. 
•HHarrow. 


*El-Ar.          +  Written  with  Ray.          $Ar-Ray.         I  Written  with  Ar. 
TAr-Ar.       **  Ray-Kay.       -H-H-tick. 


ILLUSTRATIVE    PHRASES. 


All  the  other,  bDhtr 
All  we  were  doing,  bwwDng 
Although  it  is  not  much  more  than 
[bDhtsNtChMn 
Although  we  were,  bDhww 
Always  has  been,  Wssn1 
Am  not  to  be,  Mn'B 
And  his  wife,  fcsF1 
And  so  forth,  fes'F 
And  is  the,  kach1 
Another  way,  Ntnr 
Any  other  way,  NjW 
Any  part  of  it,  NPft1 
Anything  further,  NNgFtr 


Are  you  aware, 

Are  you  certain  about  it,  BysJZtBt 

As  matter  of  fact,  sMtr'Ft 

As  far  as  possible,  sFs'Ps 

As  far  as  they  have  been,  sF88Dhvn 

As  it  has  been,  Ztsn8 

As  it  seems  to  me,  Zts'MsM 

As  soon  as  you  have  been,  ssNsaYvn 

As  to  what  would  be,  Zt*wwB 

As  we  have  been,  sa  w  vn 

As  you  have  stated,  s'Yvst 

Ask  his  attention,  SKsTsn 
~At  my  office,  TmFs 

At  or  about  the  time,  TrBtM 
-At  some  time  or  other,  TsMmUtr 

At  the  present  time,  TtPrsM 

Attract  (ed)  my  attention,  Trt'Msn 

Because  we  have,  KslwV 

Best  of  my  recollection,  BsMRsn 

Best  recollection,  BstBsn 

Board  of  trade,  BrdTrd 

Branch  of  the  case,  BrNChtKs 

Brother  in  law,  Br3Nl 

Burden  of  proof,  BrdPrf 

But  as  has  been,  Tssn* 

But  you  may  have  been,  Ty'Mvn 

By  the  way,  Bt1  W,  or  Btw1 

By  virtue  of,  B'Vr 

Call  forth,  Klf  1 

Call  my  attention,  KlMsna 

Call  their  attention,  Kltrsn1 

Call  your  attention,  KlYsn* 

Come  (Came)  away,  Kw 

Came  there,  Ktr 

Can  we  not,  Kwn3 

Can  you  state,  Kyst* 

Cannot  recollect,  KnB* 

Cannot  remember,  Kn'B 

Cannot  say,  Knss 

Cannot  state,  Knst* 

Cause  and  effect,  KsFt1 

Certain  circumstances,  sRtsTnss 

Clerk's  office,  KlssFs     [KltRl'sTnss 

Collateral  circumstances, 


Common  carrier,  KKflr1 

Common  council,  KKsZ/1 

Could  not  (Couldn't)  say,  KdNts 

Could  not  tell  you,  KdNtLy 

Course  of  business,  KrsaBss 

Cross  examination,  Krssn1 

Did  he  ever  have,  Dr1  Vv 

Did  you  ever  know,  Dyv'N 

Djd  you  have  any  conversation, 

Did  you  not  say,  Dyns1  [Dyv'N  Vssn 

Did  you  not  state,  Dynst1 

Did  we  not  say,  Dwns1 

Difference  of  opinion,  Df'Nn 

Direct  examination,  DrtsMsn 

Do  you  know  him,  Dy'Nm 

Does  he  ever,  DsrV 

Down  stairs,  Dnstrs* 

During-  the  time,  DrtsM 
-  Each  of  them,  Chy'Dbm 

Easier  than,  Z«Rn 

Enclose  their,  NKlstr 

End  of  it  (the),  Nda  Vt 

Entitled  to  a  verdict,  NTVrd 

Etcetera,  TsTB     • 

Everywhere  else,  VrRJ/s 

Faster  than,  Fstrn' 

For  an  instant,  FnNsTnt 

For  interest,  Fnt 

For  several  years,  FsVy 

For  some  time,  FsMm 

For  the  purpose  (of)  FtPr 

Friday  morning,  FrDM 

From  hour  to  hour,  U3-K 

From  time  to  time,  MM ' 

Future  state,  F'Chrst 
—Gave  it  to  them.  GfDhm 

Glad  ot  it,  Gld3Vt 

Good  deal  or,  Gd"Lv 

Greater  or  less,  Grtais 

Had  been  there,  D3Btr 

Had  their  attention,  Dtrsn* 

Has  been  done,  s2BnDn 

Has  been  stated,  8aBnst 

Has  not  been  there,  sNtaBtr 

Have  had  the  opportunity,  Vd»chPrt 

Have  you  stated,  Vyst* 

He  had,  Hd« 

He  did  it,  Hdr1 

He  did  not  say  that,  HdNtsDh' 

He  did  not  state,  HdNtst1 

He  has  been,  c/is4Bn 

He  has  been  there,  efts' Btr 

He  may  have  been,  chMvn 

He  must  have  been,  c/iMstn 

He  said  to  me,  cftsDtM 

He  was  not  there,  chZntr 

Her  testimony,  RtsMN 

Hope  to  find  it,  PtFndr 


ILLUSTRATIVE    PHRASES. 


How  are  we,  chRw* 

How  did  he,  Hdr» 

How  did  you  ever,  Hdy'V 

How  have  you,  c/i'Vy 

How  is  it,  Hst1 

How  long  after  that,  rNg'FDh 

How  long  before,  rNg'B 

How  long  have  you  been,  rNg'Bn 

How  long  have  you  resided  there, 

How  long  is  it,  rNgst3        [rNg'sDtr 

How  many  times,  ch'MNms 

How  much  money,  r'ChMN 

Human  life,  Mn'F 

I  am  certain,  pM'sBt 

I  am  not  in  the  habit  of,  pMn*NtBt 

I  am  not  positive,  pMn3Pst 

I  am  pretty  sure,  p.M3PrtShr 

I  am  sure  there  is,  pM3Shrtrs 

I  believe  he  did  not  state,  pBlHdNtst 

I  believe  he  was  not  there,  pBlc/iZntr 

I  believe  they  did  say  that, 

[pBlDhdsDh 

I  call  your  attention,  pKlYsn 
I  called  his  attention,  pKldsTsn 
I  cannot  remember  the  time, 

[rKn'BtM 

I  could  not  say  positively,rKdN  tsPst 
I  could  not  tell  you,  rKdaNtLy 
I  do  not  remember  the  conversation, 
I  have  stated,  rVst3       [rDnBtVrssn 
I  heard  him  say  so,  tRdHsS 
I  know  about  the  time,  rN3BtM 
I  mean  to  be,  pMnB 
I  meant  to  say,  pMnt'S 
1  need  not  tell  you,  rNd'NtLj/ 
I  never  did  say  that,  rNvdsDh 
I  shall  have  been,  rShvn 
I  should  say  it  was,  rSh'StZ 
I  suppose  you  did,  rsPsYd 
I  take  the  opportunity,  rTtPrt 
I  think  there  were,  rNgtrio1 
I  think  they  did,  rNg^hd 
I  want  to  know,  tWnt'N 
I  wish  to  know,  rSht»N 
I  was  not  there,  rZntr 
If  he  should  say,  F'chShs 
If  it  is  possible,  Fts'Ps 
If  it  were,  Ftw1 
If  she  did  not,  F'ShdNt 
If  there  were,  FtrMJ1 
In  all  circumstances,  Nl'sTnss 
In  all  respects,  NlsPs 
In  all  such  cases,  JN'PsChKss 
In  all  they  did,  Nl'Dhd 
In  continuation  (of),  N  Knsn1 
In  his  judgment,  NsJ'Mnt 
In  other  words,  NjWds1 
In  point  of  fact,  IS^PntFt 
In  the  afternoon,  NtF'Nn 
In  the  forenoon,  NtFaNn 
In  the  month  of,  NtThv 

"Use  the  loop  word-sign  for  7*  there . 


-  In  the  daytime,  NtDm 

-- Jn  the  night  time,  NtNtTm 

In  the  world,  NUJRld 

In  their  possession,  NtrPssn 

In  what  position,  NtPssn 

In  your  opinion,  NyNn1 

Is  it  possible,  ZtlPs 

Is  there  anybody,  strNBd1* 

Is  there  not,  strNt1* 

Is  to  be,  Zt'B 

It  has  been  stated,  TsBnst 

It  is  just  as  possible,  TsJstsPs 

It  may  as  well,  TMsZ/ 

It  may  not  have  been,  TMnBn 

It  must  have  been,  TMstn 

It  will  not  be,  TlnB 

It  will  have  to  be,  TlvB 

Just  about  the  time,  JsBtM 

Just  after  they  did  it,  JstFDhdch 

Just  so,  JsS 

Just  such,  JssCh 

Knows  nothing  about  it,  NsNgBt 

Knows  that  we  were,  Ns'Dhww 

Knows  we  were,  Nsau>w 

Ladies  and  gentlemen,  .LDsJnt 

Larger  than,  Jrn3 

Last  spring,  I/s'PrNg 

Last  summer,  is'MB 

Last  time,  Z/s*M 

•Length  of  time,  NgJVm- 

Less  than,  Lsn 

Let  us  be  sure,  .LtsBShr 

Long  before  the  time,  Ng'BtM 

Long  enough,  Ng'Nf 

Longer  than,  Ngrn1 

Lower  and  lower,  i/RI/R 

Make  their  way,  MKtr»W 

Makes  their,  M  Kstr 

May  also  be,  MiSB 

May  as  well  have  been,  Msl/vn 

May  be  certain,  M*Bs.Rt 

May  it  not  have  been,  Mt'NtBn 

May  sometimes,  MsMms 

May  therefore,  Mtr"F 

Mean  to  be,  MnB 

Might  have  been,  MtBn 

Might  not  have  been,  MtNtBn 

Monday  forenoon,  MNDfNn 

Month  or  two,  Thrt 

More  or  less  than,  Mrisn 

More  than  anybody  else,Mrn»NBdLe 

Most  of  the  time,  MsM 

Much  more,  Ch'M 

Must  also,  MsI/S 

Must  have  been,  Mstn 

Must  have  known,  MsNn 

Must  not  say  that,  Ms'NtsDh 

Must  not  tell,  Ms'NtL 

National  bank,  Ns'Bn 

Necessary  consequence,  NssKns 

Need  not  say  anything,  Nd'NtsNNg 


ILLUSTRATIVE   PHRASES. 


Next  conversation.  Ns2Vssn 

No  connection,  NKnsn 

No,  sir,  it  is  not,  NsRtsNt 

Nobody  else,  NaBdLs 

Not  less  than,  NtLsn 

Not  to  my  knowledge,  Nt^MNJ 

Not  to  my  recollection,  Nt'-MRsn 

Nothing  else,  Ng2Ls 

Nothing  less,  Ng2Z.s 

Now  and  then,  N2Dhn 

Nowhere  else,  N2R.Ls 

Objected  to,  as  immaterial,  Js'M 

Obj.  to,  as  incompetent,  Js'K 

Obj.  to,  as  imm.  and  incom.,  JsaMK 

Obj.  to  ;  overruled ;  exception, 

[.FVrRldsPsn 

Obj.  to  ;  sustained  ;  exception. 

Of  course  it  is,  VlKrsts  [J'ssTtsPsn 

Of  course  there  is,  V1Krstrs 

Of  his  own,  Vsn1 

Of  interest,  Vnt1 
•<Of  my  own,  Vmn1 

Of  the  sidewalk,  Vt»sDK 

Of  your  own  knowledge,  Vyn*NJ 

Of  yourself,  VylsLf 

Off  and  on,  Fnr1 

On  account  (of)  rKnt1 

On  any  other  account,  rNjKnt1 

On  one  occasion,  c?iWnKsn 

On  that  date,  rDh»Dt 

On  the  contrary,  chlrR 

On  the  other  side  of  it,  rDhtrsDf  t 

Once  or  twice,  WsTs 

One  thing  and  another,  WnNgNtr 

Or  otherwise,  Btr»\Ys   [Rd^rsTnss 

Ordinary  circumstances, 

Ought  not  to  be,  TulB 

Ought  to  be  able  to,  Tt'BBlt 

Ought  to  have  been,  Tv>Bn 

Out  of  the  office,  Tvt3Fs 

Over  and  above,  Vr'V 

Part  of  the  account,  Pft'Knt 

Peculiar  circumstances,  PKsTnss 

Per  annum,  PBNm 

Percent.,  PBsNt 

Perhaps  they  did,  PrPsDhd 

Piece  of  land,  Ps^nd 

Place  of  residence,  PIsBsDns 

Plaintiff  and  defendant,  Plnt'D 

Point  of  view,  PntJV 

Post  mortem  examination,  PsMsMsn 

Post  office,  PsFs  [PrnNsVd 

Preponderance  of  evidence, 

Present  time,  PrsM 
—Previous  to  that  time,  PrVsDhm 

Put  an  end,  Pn3Nd 

Question  of  fact,  KwaFt 

Question  of  law,  Kw.L 

Quite  as  much,  KtsCh* 

Right  angle,  m»Gl 

Right  of  way,  RWw 


Sabbath  school,  sB»sKl 
Says  he  did,  SsHd 
Second  time,  sKndM 
Seems  likely,  sMs'iKl 
Seems  to  have  been,  SmsBn 
Several  times,  sVms 
Shall  become,  ShBK 
Shall  have  been,  Shvn 
Shall  we  be,  ShwiB 
She  did  so,  Shd»S 
She  never  did,  Sh'NVd 
She  said  it  was,  Sh^DtZ 
Short  time,  ShrVM 
Should  not  have  been,  Sh'NtBn 
Should  say  so,  Shs3S 
Should  you  say  it  was  not,  Shy'StZn 
Side  by  side,  sD^D 
"*  Sign  their  names,  sNtrNms1 
Since  his  death,  sNss^Th 
Since  the  other,  sNs'Dhtr 
Since  they  have  been,  sNsDhvn 
Sister  in  law.  Sstrn1!^ 
So  as  to  be,  SsB 
So  as  to  have  been,  SsBn 
So  far  as,  SFs 
So  you  may  as  well,  SyMsI/ 
Somebody  else,  sM2Bdis 
Some  of  the  time,  sMM 
Some  other  time,  sMtrM 
Some  time  or  other,  sMmRtr 
Something  has  bn  said,  sMNgs2BnsD 
State  the  conversation,  stTtVrssn 
State  whether  it  is  or  not,  stWtsBn 
State  whether  or  not,  stWBn 
State  whether  there  is  or  not, 

LstWtrsfln 

Standing  there,  sTndNgtr 
Subject  matter,  sBMtr 
Such  an  understanding, 

[sChnNdsTndNg 
Such  as  are  not,  sChsRn 
Such  as  were  not,  sChsRn 
Sunday  afternoon,  sNDftrNn* 
Sure  to  be,  Shrt3B 
Take  the  opportunity,  TtPrt 
That  did  it,  DhdcTi3 
That  is  their  own,  Dhstrn3 
That  such  is  the  fact,  Dh3sChstFt 
That  there  has  been,  Dhtrsn* 
That  we  were,  Dhtnr3 
That  you  told  us,  Dhy3Tlds 
The  next  conversation,  rNsaVs8n 
The  other  side  of  it,  DhtrsDf  t 
The  others,  Dhtrs 
Their  own,  Rn 

Then  there  is,  Dhntrs      [RsNtChMn 
There  is  not  much  more  than, 
There  they  were,  RT>hw 
There  will  be,  BIB 
There  will  have  been,  BIBn 
They  have  stated,  Dhvst 


•The  Final  1  Italic  letters  t r  are  used  to  indicate  the  lengthening  of  a  straight  stem . 


ILLUSTRATIVE  PHRASES. 


They  have  nothing,  DhvNg 

They  say  they  did,  DhsDhd 

Think  it  has  been,  Ngtsn1 

Think  there  has  been,  Ngtrsn1 

This  cannot  be,  DhsKnB 

This  connection,  DhsKnsn 

Those  are  not,  Dhs3.Rn 

Those  that  were,  Dhs3Dhw 

Though  it  had  not  been,  DhtDnBn 

Though  it  were,  Dhtor 

Though  there  were,  Dhtrw 

Though  we  were,  Dhunc 

Three  or  four  times,  ThrFrMs 

Thursday  evening,  ThrsDv 

Thus  far,  ThsF 

Time  and  again,  MnGn1 

To  have  been,  TvsBn 

"To  make  known,  Tm'Nn 
-To  my  knowledge,  Tm3NJ 

To  the  present  time,  Tt'PrsM 

Too  far,  b"F 

Too  much,  b"Ch 

Toward  us,  Trds 

Tuesday  night,  TsDn 

Under  side  of  it,  NdasDvt 

Under  the  circumstances  of  the  case, 

United  States,  Tss3         [Nd2sTnssKs 

Unless  there  is,  Nlstrs 

Until  they  are,  NtLtr 

Up  and  down,  PnDn 

Up  stairs,  Pstrs 

Up  to  that  time,  PtDhm 

Up  to  the  time,  PtM 

Upon  her  own  account,  Prn1Knt 

Upon  his  own,  PsnJ 

Upon  the  subject  of,  Pt'sBv 

Upon  your  own,  Pyn1 

Valuable  consideration,  Vl3sDsn 

Verdict  for  the  defendant,  VrdD 

Verdict  for  the  plaintiff,  VrdPlnt 

Very  certain  of  it,  VrsBtVt 

Very  great  extent,  VrGrtsTnt 

Very  little  more  than,  VritMrn 
-  Very  soon  after  that  time, 

Was  as  good,  ZsGd         [VrsNFDhm 

Was  he  ever,  ZrV 

Was  he  not,  ZrNt 

Wasn't  he,  Znc/i 

Waj's  and  means,  WsMns 

We  changed,  icCh 

We  decline,  u'DKhi 

We  may  not  have  been,  W'MnBn 

We  might  not  be,  W'MtNtB 

We  went  there,  WiWntj 

Wednesday  morning,  WnsDM 

Week  or  two,  Krt1 

Well  known,  LNn 

Were  you  certain  of  it,  RysRtVt 

Were  you  not  informed,  RynNF 

West  line,  WsLn 

What  did  you  mean,  Tdj/'Mn 
.What  do  you  mean,  T'DyMn 


What  of  that,  Tv'Dh 

What  is  his  business,  Tss'Bss 

What  is  your  business,  Ts1  Yss 

—  What  time  in  the  month,  Tm1  XtTh 
What  time  in  the  night,  Tm'NtNt 
What  time  of  day,  Tm«D 
What  time  of  night,  TmlNt 
What  was  the  occasion,  T>ZtKsn 
When  did  you  come,  HdyK 
When  do  you  say,  HaDys 
When  it  has  been,  Htsn 
Where  are  they,  R.RDh 
Where  did  you  go,  Rdj/G 
Where  there  has  been,  Rtrsn 
Where  were  you  going,  Rrj/G 
Whether  he  did  or  not,  WHdfJn 
Whether  he  ever  did,  WrVd 
Whether  it  is  or  not,  WtsJRn 
Whether  it  has  been,  Wtsn 
Which  did  you  mean,  ChtyMn 
Which  have  been,  ChvBn 
Which  is  their  own,  Chstrn 
Which  it  might,  ChtMt 
Which  would  seem,  ChwsM 
Which  year  was  it,  ChyZt 
Which  you  may  not  remember. 
Who  came  there,  JKtr         [ChyMnB 
Who  are  they,  j2.RDh 
AVhoever  have,  jv2V 
Who  has  been,  js2Bn 
Who  has  not  been.  jsNt2Bn 
Who  may  not  have  been,  jMn"Bn 
Who  were  away,  jr2W 
Who  were  not,  pRn 
Who  would  not  have  been,  p  WnBn 
Whose  was  it,  Z3Zt 
Why  are  we,  W1R w 
Why  did  he  ever  have,  Wdr1  Vv 
AVhydidshe,  W&Sh 
Why  there  has  been,  Wtrsn1 
Why  he  did  not,  W»HdNt 
Why  he  ever  did  it,  Wr"Vdc/i 
Will  be  certain,  Z/BsRt 
Will  have  been,  I/vn 
Will  they  ever,  Z,Dhv 
With  all  its,  Dhlts1 

^fWith  himself,  Dhrns1 
With  interest,  Dhnt1 
With  its  own,  Dhtsn1 
With  which  it  is  not,  Dh>ChtsNt 
Within  their  own  knowledge. 
Without  interest,  Wnt1  [Dhntr'NXJ 
Worth  having,  Thvn 
Would  be  sufficient,  u'2BsFsNt 
Year  and  a  half,  Yn>F 
Yes,  it  is,  Ysts 
You  and  he,  YncTi3 
You  are  acquainted  (with),  Y3Kwnt 
You  have  seen,  Yv3sN 
You  have  stated,  Yvst3 
You  must  remember,  jyMsaBr 
You  say  you  have  been,  Ys3Yvn 


READING    EXERCISES. 

EARLY   REPORTERS. 
Webster^s  Reply  to  Uayne.  — v.  I — .,    <^-<^    T* 

II  u 

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.....  XV 


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LAWTIR 
DALLAS,  TIX  At 


FIRST  STEAMBOAT  PASSAGE  MONEY. 


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A  CHARMING  CUSTOMER  IN  A  BANK. 


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THE  USE  OF  SIMPLE  WORDS. 


101 


102 


A  TYPEWRITER  FORGERY. 


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WRITING    EXERCISES. 


STENOGRAPHERS  IN  NEW  YORK.* 


There  are  many  hundred  stenographers  in  New  York  city,  and  the 
number  is  yearly  increasing.  Most  of  them  find  employment  as 
private  secretaries  and  in  offices  and  business  houses,  at  salaries 
ranging  from  twelve  to  fifteen  dollars  a  week  ;  or  as  reporters  of  law 
cases  tried  before  the  numerous  referees,  at  a  compensation  of  from  ten 
to  fifteen  cents  a  folio  of  one  hundred  words.  Occasionally,  an  expert 
is  hired  at  a  stated  salary  by  some  litigant  who  does  not  care  to  depend 
upon  the  official  stenographer  for  transcripts  of  the  proceedings  in 
trials  of  his  cases.  During  the  well-known  trial  of  Sharp,  the  defend- 
ant employed  two  stenographers  for  forty  days,  whom  he  paid  at  the 
rate  of  five  dollars  an  hour. 

Official  stenographers  in  the  New  York  courts  are  paid  a  salary  of 
$2,500  a-  year,  with  additional  fees  for  transcripts  of  their  notes, 
making  about  $5,000  a  year — and  they  earn  it.  TJie  work  is  very 
severe,  in  long  trials,  for  the  record  of  a  day's  proceedings  must  be 
written  out  before  the  opening  of  the  court  on  the  following  day.  As 
soon  as  the  court  adjourns,  the  stenographer  hastens  to  his  office  with 
his  notes.  Of  course,  it  would  be  impossible  for  him  to  transcribe  them 
himself,  within  the  time  required,  butiflie  writes  a  legible  hand  he  can 
turn  over  his  original  notes  to  several  trained  copyists,  who  make  short 
work  of  it  while  he  seeks  tJte  rest  he  so  much  needs  to  prepare  him  for 
the  next  day's  work.  Few  of  the  older  stenographers  are  able  to  do 
this,  however,  on  account  of  careless  habits  of  writing  induced  by  the 
defective  systems  of  shorthand  they  employ  and  which  they  learned 
long  before  the  present  improved  and  logical  systems  were  published. 
Such  stenographers  are  compelled  to  dictate  portions  of  their  notes  to 
several  other  stenographers,  who  in  turn  dictate  their  own  notes  to  rapid 
typewriters,  the  official  stenographer  dictating  the  last  portion  of  his 
notes  to  another  typewriter;  and  the  click  of  the  machines  and  the 
weary  monotone  of  t7ie  stenographers'  voices  may  be  heard  far  into 
the  night.  Men  can  stand  a  few  weeks  of  such  work  at  a  time,  but  it  is 
sure  to  wear  them  out  at  last. 

Some  of  the  New  York  lawyers  are  very  rapid  speakers,  and  the  best 
stenographers  are  taxed  to  their  utmost  to  report  them.  It  is  said  that 

•Words-signs  and  contractions  are  printed  in  Italic. 

107 


108  WRITING  EXERCISES. 

many  average  nearly  two  hundred  words  a,  minute.  To  report  such 
speakers  for  any  length  of  time,  becomes  a  question  of  endurance,  and 
many  of  the  best  stenographers  have  not  the  physical  strength  to  do  it. 

It  is  not  strange  that  mistakes  should  occasionally  be  made  by 
stenographers — indeed,  it  would  be  strange  if  they  were  not.  They 
generally  occur  from  misunderstanding  the  words  of  a  speaker,  or  from 
misreading  the  notes  in  the  hurry  of  transcription.  The  latter  is  most 
likely  to  cause  such  mistakes,  especially  where  it  is  necessary  to  dictate 
the  notes  to  other  stenographers.  Probably,  the  most  dangerous  mistakes 
are  occasioned  from  writing  the  same  outline  for  two  of  more  words 
which  the  context  will  not  aid  in  distinguishing.  Some  systems  of 
shorthand  furnish  many  opportunities  for  such  mistakes,  as  where  the 
words  at  all  and  until  are  written  alike.  If  a  witness  should  testify,  for 
instance,  "I was  not  in  Brooklyn  UNTIL  the  first  of  March,"  the  most 
expert  reporter  or  copyist  from  such  a  system  might  readily  fall  into 
the  error  of  writing,  "/  was  not  in  Brooklyn  AT  ALL,  the  first  of 
March."  The  result  to  the  witness  might  be  by  no  means  pleasant,  if 
he  should  be  indicted  for  perjury  for  making  the  statement  thus 
attributed  to  him. 

Closely  associated  with  the  stenographers  in  their  work  is  a  vast 
army  of  typewriters,  most  of  them  ladies  of  education  and  culture. 
They  have  their  offices,  make  very  good  incomes,  and  live  wett.  They 
have  a  uniform  scale  of  prices,  charging  five  cents  a  folio  for  a  single 
copy,  eight  cents  for  two  copies,  and  ten  cents  for  three.  Some  of 
them  become  very  expert  in  the  use  of  the  typewriter,  and  often  write 
at  the  rate  of  seventy-five  words  a  minute,  but  of  course  such  a  speed 
cannot  be  kept  up  for  any  great  length  of  time.  Many  of  these  ladies 
are  experts  in  shorthand,  and  are  able  to  take  dictation  from  official 
stenographers,  and  even  to  occupy  responsible  positions  as  reporters. 
They  are  able  to  earn  a  good  income,  frequently  as  high  as  from 
$1500  to  $2500  a  year.  Their  work,  like  that  of  official  stenographers, 
is  often  tedious,  but  it  is  generally  very  pleasant  and  satisfactory. 


THE  USE  OP  SIMPLE  WORDS. 

Through  life,  we  all  teach  and  we  all  learn.  This-world  is-a 
great  school,  where  we-find  what-is-good  and-what-is-bad,  and-thus 
are  made-ready  to  act  in-another-sphere.  What-we-are  at-the  end 
of-this  life,  we-shall-be  when-the  next50  begins.  We-must-therefore 
spare  no-pains  when  we-teach  others  or  ourselves.  We- teach  our- 
selves in-our  thoughts,  others  by-our  words  or  acts.  We-must  take 
care  to  think  and-speak  in-a-way  so-clear  that-we  do-not-cheat  or 
mislead  ourselves  by  vague  and-hazy100  ideas.  We-must  learn  to 


THE  USE  OF  SIMPLE  WORDS.  109 

think  in  words,  and  we-must  get  a-habit  of -using  them  in  thought 
with-the-same  care  with-which  we-speak  or  write  to  others.  Words 
give-a  body  and-form  to-our  thoughts,  without  which  they-are  apt 
to  be  so-dreamy  and-unreal150  that-we  do-not-see  where  they-are  weak 
or-false.  If-we  put-them  into-words,  we-shall  learn  how-much-of 
truth  there-is-in-them.  When  in-that  form,  we-can  turn  them  over 
in-our-minds.  If-we  write-them  out,  we-find  that  in-many-cases200 
the  ideas  we-thought-we-had  hold  of  fade-away  under-the  test.  If- 
they-do  prove  to  be  of-real  value,  they-are  thus  not-only  made  clear 
to-us  but-they-are  in-such-shape  that-we  may-make-them  clear  to 
others.  When  ideas  float250  in-our-minds  and  we-are  in-doubt  about- 
them,  our  doubts  may  often  be-solved  by  talking  with-others,  for  if- 
we  state-them  clearly  we-see-the-truth  at-once.  It-is  what-we-say  to 
others,  in-most  cases,  that  settles  our  doubts,  not  what-they-say 
to-us.300 

We-must  not-only  think  in  words,  but-we-must-also  try  to  use- 
the  best  words,  words  which-will  most  clearly  put  into-the-minds  of 
others  the  ideas  which-are  resting  in-our-own  minds.  This-is-the 
great  art  to  be- gained  by-those-who  wish  to™  teach  in-the-school,  in- 
the-church,  at-the-bar,  or  through-the-press.  To-do-this  in-the 
right-way,  they  should  as-a-rule  use-the  short  words  which-we  learn 
in-early-life,  and-which-have-the  same-sense  to-all-classes  of-men. 
Those-are-the-best400  for-the-teacher,  the-orator,  and-the  poet. 

Look  at-what-has-been  said  in  prose  or  in- verse  that-has  come- 
down to-us  through-many-years,  and-you- will-find  that-it-is  in  short 
words.  Count  them  in  Gray's  Elegy,  and-you-will-find  that  a-large- 
share460  of -the- words  are  of-this-class.  The-English  of -the- Bible  is- 
good,  but  now-and-then  some  long  words  are-found,  and-they 
always  hurt-the  verse  in-which-you-find  them.  Take-that  which 
says,  ' '  O  generation  of -vipers,  who  hath  warned-you  to  flee  from- 
the- wrath500  to  come  ?"  There-is  one  word  which  ought-not-to-have- 
been  used — generation.  In-the-older  version  the-word  brood  is-used. 
When-the  verse  is  read  with-that  word  in-place  of-the-other,  its  full 
force  is-felt. 

In-your  thoughts  and  in-your  speech  use550  short,  plain  terms, 
and-you-will-find  your  meaning  will-be  much  clearer  to-yourself 
and-to-others. 568 

NOTE.— The  above  exercise  is  an  excellent  one  for  dictation  practice,  as 
it  contains  the  simplest  words  only.  The  student  should  not  be  satisfied 
that  he  has  received  all  the  benefit  to  be  gained  from  it  until  he  is  able  to 
write  it  from  dictation  in  four  minutes. 

Words  to  be  joined  in  phrasing,  are  connected  by  hyphens.  When  to  is 
to  be  indicated  by  proximity,  it  is  printed  in  Italic. 


110    •  WRITING  EXERCISES. 


A  TYPEWRITER  FORGERY. 

Q. — If-you-were  required  to  examine  a-document  written  by- 
the-typewriter,  and-to-say  whether-or-not  all-the  sheets  contained 
in-it  were-written  upon-the-same-machine,  could-you-answer  with 
any  degree-of  positiveness  ?  A. — It-is-possible  that  two-machines 
may- write  so-nearly  alike  as-to-make-it  difficult  to  determine  upon- 
which-of-them  a-particular  sheet  was- written  ;  still  there-are  many 
little  marka-of  difference  in-the  writing-of  different-machines,  and- 
even  in-the  writing  of-the-same-machine  at  different-times  or  when 
used  by  different  operators,  by-which-an  expert  ought-to-be-able-to- 
say  with-some-certainty  whether-the  sheets  of-a  document  were- 
written  consecutively  upon-the-same-machine. 

Q. — I-show-you  exhibit  one,  and-call-your-attention  to  page  17 
of-that  document,  and-I  ask  whether  in-your-opinion  that  page  was- 
written  by-the-machine  which-wrote-the-other  pages  ?  A. — It-was- 
not  written  in-the-order  in-which-it-appears  here,  nor  by-the-same- 
person.  It-is-possible  that-it-may-have-been  written  by-the-same- 
machine,  but-it-must-have-been  at-a  different-time. 

Q. — Why-do-you-say  it-was-not  written  at-the-same-time  ?  A. — 
The-type  used  on-that  page  are-clean ;  many-of-the  letters  on-the- 
other  pages  are  filled  up.  This-is  especially  true  with-regard-to- 
the  letters  e  and  s  in-all-the-pages  preceding  and-following  17.  The- 
ribbon  on-that  page  is-not  so-much  worn  as-it-is  on-the-other  pages, 
and-the  writing-is  more  uniform  in-color,  but-that  is-to-be  partially 
accounted  for  by-the-fact  that-it-was-written  by  a-more-practiced 
writer.  The-type  seem  to  be  in  more-perfect  alignment,  while-the 
letters  t  and  e  are  badly  out-of  alignment  in-the-other-sheets.  The- 
letter  i  is  properly  centered  in  17  ;  in-the-other  pages  it-strikes  to- 
the-left  of-its  proper  position.  The-letter  p  stands  upright ;  in-the- 
other-sheets  it  leans  a-trifle,  owing  to-its-being  slightly  turned  in- 
the-bar.  The-margin  of  17  is  two-spaces  wider  than  in-the-remain- 
der  of-the-document. 

Q. — Upon- what  do-you  base-your-opinion  that-that  page  was- 
written  by-a  different-person  ?  A. — The-writer  of  17  is-a  much- 
better  writer  than-the  person  who-wrote-the-other  pages.  His 
touch-is  more  uniform.  None  of-his-letters  over-ride  each-other,  as 
in-the-other  pages,  and-his  punctuation  marks  do-not  perforate  the- 
paper.  The-color  of-his  writing-is  more  uniform,  which-is  partially 
due  to-his  more-even  touch.  The-indentations  of-his  paragraphs 
are  six-spaces,  while-the-others  are  but  five.  He  uses  three-spaces 
between-his  sentences  ;  the-other  but  two.  He-places  a-space  after-a 
comma ;  the-other  does-not.'  He  understands  the-rules-of-punctua- 


CHARGE   TO  A  JURY.  Ill 

tion  ;  the-other  does-not,  but-makes  many  mistakes.  A-very- 
noticeable  instance  of-that  is-the-fact  that  in  17  a-period  and-colon 
are-placed  after-the-words  "to-vit.,"  while-the-other  writer  always 
places  a-comma  after-them.  The- word  "supersede"  is  spelled  cor- 
rectly in  17,  but  I-have-noticed  three-places  in-the-other  pages 
where-it-is  spelled  with-the-letter  c  in-place-of-the  second  s.  For- 
the-figure  1,  in-the-paging  of  17,  a-lower-case  I  is-used,  while  a- 
capital  /is-used  for-the-same-purpose  in-all-the-other  pages.  For- 
these  reasons,  I-am-certain  that  page  17  was-not  written  by-the- 
person  who-wrote-the-other  pages. 


CHARGE  TO   A  JURY. 

Gentlemen-of -the-  Jury :  In-the-case  about  to  be  submitted  to-you, 
you-have  a-duty  to  perform  which-is-as-important  as-that-of  the- 
Court.  The-duties  of-the-jury  and-of-the-Court  are  distinctly  separ- 
ated. It-is- the  duty  of-the-Court  to  instruct-you  upon-all-questions- 
of-law,  and-first  of-all,  as- to- what  questions-of-fact  you-are  to  decide, 
and-it-is-your  duty  to  find  only  upon-such  questions-of-fact  as-shall- 
be  submitted  to-you  by-the-Court. 

In-this-case,  there-is-but  a  single-question-of-fact  for-your-consid- 
eration,  and-that-is-the  question  of-the  good-faith  of -t  he-transaction 
by- which  Palmer  received-the-draf t  in-question  f rom-the  defendants. 
Several-questions-of-fact  have-been  alluded  to  by-counsel  'in-your- 
presence.  which-you-will-not-be  called  upon  to  decide,  the-Court  hold- 
ing that-they-are  not-involved  in-this-action. 

The-question  whether  Palmer  was-the  owner  of-this  draf  t,depends 
upon-the-question  whether,  in-receiving-it  from-the  defendants,  he- 
exercised  towards-them  that  good-faith  which  as-their  banker  he- 
was-bound  to  exercise,  or-whether-his  conduct  in-receiving-it  was-a- 
violation  of-that  good-faith.  The-question  whether-the  City  Bank 
was-a  holder  of-this  draft  for-value,  is-not  in-the-case.  Whatever 
was-sent  by-that  bank  to  Palmer,  was-sent  without  any-anticipation 
of-this  draft,  and  without  any-knowledge  that-such  a-draft  was  in- 
existence  or-ever  would-be,  or-whether  it-would-ever-be  offered  to 
them.  I-instruct-you,  therefore,  that-the  City  Bank  was-not  a-holder 
of-the-draft  for-value. 

I-further  instruct-you  that-the-plaintiffs  in-this-case  were-not 
holders  of-the-draft  for-value.  The-law  in-regard-to-the  title  to  com- 
mercial paper  is  well  settled  and-well  understood.  A-person  who 
takes  commercial  paper  before  by-its-terms  it  becomes-due,  without 
notice  of-any-defense  existing  against-it,  paying  value  for-it  at-the- 
time-he  takes-it,  holds-it  discharged  of-all-defenses  which-can-be  set 


112     '  WRITING  EXERCISES. 

up  against-it  by-the-maker  of-lhe-paper.  These  three  things  are- 
necessary,  however,  in-order-that-the  holder  of-such  paper  shall  thus 
hold-it  independent  of -defenses:  That-he  shall  take-it  in-good-faith; 
that-he  shall  take- it  for- value — for-a consideration  parted  with  for- it; 
and-that-he  shall  thus  take-it  before-it  becomes-due.  In-this-case, 
there- was-no  parting  with-value  f or-tlie  paper  [p.  104],  and-no  pretense 
of-it,  or,  at-least,  but-a  mere-pretense.  When-the-cashier  of-the- 
bank  said  to-the  agent  of-the-plaintiffs,  "Here-are  papers  to-the- 
amount  of-your-deposits,  and  here-is-a-check  for-you  to  sign  for- 
your-balance, "  did-the-plaintiffs  pay  anything  for-the  securities  that- 
were  at-that-time  delivered  to  them  ?  Not-a-dollar.  He-was-asked 
to  give-his-check,  and-he  gave-it  to  stand  over  against-this  payment ; 
but-the  turning  out  of -those  securities  was,  in-point-of-fact  and-in- 
point-of-law,  a-mere  payment  of-a  liability  which  previously  existed 
on-the  part-of-the-bank  to-the-plaintiffs — and-the  turning  out  of- 
commercial  paper  in-payment  of-a  preexisting  liability  is-not  a- 
transfer  for- value.  Such-is-the  law.  It  does-not  pay-it,  and-unless- 
the  transfer  prove  to  be-good,  the-creditor  still  has-his  claim  upon- 
the-original  indebtedness.  Suppose  a-man  comes  to-you  with  a-note 
of-a  hundred-dollars,  apparently  good,  and-offers-it  to-you  in-pay- 
ment of-a  debt,  and-you  accept-it — unless-that  note  is  collectible,  it 
does-not  pay-the-claim,  and-you  still  have-the-right  to  proceed 
against- the-debtor  upon-the-original  demand.  It-is  given  to-you  in- 
payment of-that  existing  indebtedness,  and-you  take-it  only  upon 
condition  that-it-is  good  and-collectible.  When-you-seek  to  enforce- 
it,  if-the-maker  have-a  perfect-defense  against-it  in-the-hands  of-your- 
debtor,  he-has  that  perfect-defense  against-it  in-your-hands.  There 
must-be  a-parting  with-value  for  commercial  paper,  in-order-that- 
there  may-be  a-holding  discharged-of  defenses  which  otherwise 
would-exist  to-the  paper.  So,  I-charge-you,  as-matter-of-law,  that- 
the-plaintiffs  were-not  holders  for-value. 

This,  you-see,  brings-us  to-the  single- question-of- fact  whether 
Palmer  acted  in-good-faith  with-his  customers  the-defendants,  or  in- 
bad-faith  and-fraudulently,  when-he  received-this  paper.  If-he-did- 
act  in-bad-faith  and-fraudulently,  that-fraud  rendered-his  holding  of- 
it  invalid,  and-no-man  could  thereafter  hold-it  in-good-faith  unless-he 
paid  value,  which  neither-the  City  Bank  nor-the-plaintiffs  did. 

Come-then  to-the-question  whether  Palmer  took-this  paper  in- 
good-faith  or-f raudulently.  When  a-person  proclaims-himself  to-the 
world  as-a  banker,  ready  to  receive-the-deposits  of-his  customers,  he 
thereby  holds-himself  out  as-a-man  of-sufficient  means  to  meet-the 
obligations  he  thus  assumes.  Whether-his-responsibilty  is-large  or 
small,  is  of-no-consequence  ;  he-represents-himself  to  be  a-man  of- 


CHARGE  TO  A  JURY.  H3 


means  large-enough  to  meet  these  obligations  [105].  You  do-not 
expect  a-banker  to  state-to-you,  whenever  you- make-a  deposit,  "I-am 
still  solvent."  Such-a  representation  was-never  heard  of,  and-is-not 
expected,  because,  in-doing-a  banking  business  and-taking-the 
deposits  of-his  customers,  a-banker  thereby  represents  that-he-has 
sufficient  means  to  meet-a-demand  for-the-payment  of-such  deposits 
3  whenever  that-demand  may-be-made.  That-is  what  he-is-bound  to 
do,  and-that-is  what  he-is-bound  to  be.  It-is-not-necessary  that,  at- 
the-time-he  received-these  deposits,  Palmer  should-have  expected  to 
fail  to  pay  or  to  refuse  to  pay  that  particular  paper ;  if -he  received- 
that  paper  as-a  deposit,  knowing  himself  to  be  in-such-circumstances 
that  if-he-were  called  upon  to  meet-his  liabilities  he-could-not 
respond — moreover,  knowing-himself  to  be  in- a  position  in- which  he- 
was-likely  to  be-rendered  incapable-of  meeting  that-demand  when-it- 
should-be-made  in-the-due  course-of-business — he-was-bound  to  dis- 
close-that-fact  before-he  received-the  deposit.  This-relation  between 
a  banker  and-his  customer,  is-a  highly  confidential  relation.  You-go 
to-him  not  to  buy-his-goods  and-to  pay-your-money,  but-you-go  to 
give-him  your-money  to  keep  for-you.  Shall-it-be  permitted  that-a- 
man  may  hold  this  confidential  relation  with  customers  and  take- 
their-money  when-he-is  likely,  before  a-demand  can-be-made  for-a 
return  of-it,  to-suspend  payment  ?  Certainly-not.  The-law  does- 
not  tolerate  such-an-abuse  of-the-relation  which-exists  between-a 
depositary  and-his-depositor.  Mere  insolvency  does-not  reuder-the 
receipt-of  money  by  a-banker  fraudulent,  but  insolvency  which-is 
hopeless  and-irremedible,  such  insolvency  as-is-likely  to  compel-the 
closing  of-the-doors  of-the-bank  at-any  moment,  renders-it  improper 
for-the-banker  to  continue-the  business.  Therefore  it-is  that-the-law 
requires-of-him  that-he  shall-not  continue  to  receive-deposits,  or- 
that,  if -he  does-receive-them,  it  shall-be  with  notice  to-the-customer 
of-the-facts  as-they  exist.  Upon-no-other  basis  could-the  business 
of-the  country  be  conducted.  We-are-obliged  to-have-banks  for-the 
ordinary  exchanges  of -trade,  but-they  must-not-be-made  instruments 
of-fraud. 

What-was-the  situation  of -Palmer  ?  Was- he  insolvent  ?  Yes,  so- 
he  says.  Was-he  hopelessly  insolvent  ?  Yes,  so-far-as  present  means 
were-concerned.  He-was-indebted  to-the  City  Bank  alone  in-some- 
thing  like  50  thousand-dollars,  upon  notes  which-he-had-given  to-a 
friend  for-his  personal  accommodation,  which-he  says-he  knew  had- 
been  used,  though-he-did-not-know they-had-been used  at-thatbank. 
But-he-did-know  [106]  that -they- were  outstanding  obligations 
against-him.  To-his-customers,  he  owed  over  50  thousand-dollars 
for  deposits  received  by-him.  The-amount  of-his  assets  was  very 
inconsiderable,  compared  with-this  large  liability.  That-he-was 
hopelessly  insolvent,  you- will-probably  be  compelled  to  find.  Now, 
what-was-his  ground  of  expectation  ?  He-says-he-had-an  arrange- 
ment with-the  City  Bank  to  furnish-him  money  as-he  wanted-it. 


114     .  WRITING  EXERCISES. 

That  arrangement  must-have-had  two-sides,  we-should-suppose,  and 
so  we-find-the-fact  to  be,  for-lie-was  to  furnish-the  City  Bank  with 
paper  equal  in  amount  to- the-currency  furnished  to-him.  But-it- 
was-not  so-much  upon-that  that-he  relied  as  upon-the  expectation 
that-his-friend,  who-was-the  president  of-the  City  Bank,  should 
"carry  him."  I-charge-you,  as-matter-of  law,  that-a-man  cannot 
honestly  carry  on  the-business  of-banking  upon  a-mere-promise  of- 
another  to  carry-him,  without-some  security  for-the- performance  of- 
the-promise.  It-cannot-be  tolerated  that-a-man  shall  continue  such- 
a-business  upon-the  mere  assurance  of-another,  without-security, 
that-he  will  carry-him.  Whenever  that  other  ceases  to  carry-him, 
there-is-an-end-of-it,  and-the  depositors  go  without-their-money.  A- 
man  cannot  do-a  banking  business  honestly  without  means  or  reason- 
able expectation  of-means  fodo-the-business  with.  That-is  so-simple 
a-proposition  that-it-seems  unnecessary  to  state-it.  What-is  common- 
sense  in-a-case  of-this-kind,  is-the-law  of-the-case,  and-the  law  must 
commend- itself  to-the-good-judgment  of-the-jury. 

As  I-have-stated.  the-only-question-of-fact  upon-which-you-are- 
to-find,  is- whether  this-deposit  was- received  by  Palmer  in- good-faith, 
or- whether,  under-the-circumstances-of-the-case,  it- was  dishonest  on- 
his-part  to  receive-it.  I-repeat,  that-it-is-not-necessary  that-there 
should-have-been  an-intention  in-this  particular-case  to  defraud  the- 
men  who-made-the  deposit ;  if-a-man  is-doing-a  banking-business 
fraudulently  all-the-time,  it-is-not-necessary  that-he  shall  entertain 
a-particular  fraudulent  design  in-each  individual  case  in-which-he 
receives-deposits.  If-this  transaction  was-thus  fraudulent  on-the 
part-of  Palmer,  the-defense  is-established,  because-he  thereby  obtain- 
ed no-title  to-the-draft  in-question,  and-the  City  Bank  obtained  no- 
title  unless  he-did.  If-you-find  that-this  was-an-honest  transaction, 
the- plaintiffs  are-entitled-to-your  verdict  f or-the-amount  of-the-draf t, 
which-is  $1,059.29.  If-it-was-not  an-honest  transaction,  your- verdict 
must-be  for-the-defendants. 

Mr.  Gillette  asked-the  court  to  charge-the-jury  that-it-was  neces- 
sary for-the-defendants  to  estabiish-the-fact  that  Palmer  mis- 
represented the-facts  with-the  intention  of-deceiving  them,  and- 
that-he  obtained  the-draft  by-means  of-such-misrepresenta- 
tions. 

Refused ;  exception. 

Also,  that-the  answer  could-not-be-sustained  unless-the  defend- 
ants were  in-fact  deceived. 

Refused ;  exception. 

Mr.  Gillette  excepted  to-the  charge  that-the  City  Bank  was-not 
a-holder  for-value. 

Also,  to-the  charge  that- the- plaintiffs  were-not  holders  for-value. 

Verdict  for-the-defendants. 


EXERCISES  ON  CONTRACTIONS  AND  WORD-FORMS.          115 

CONTRACTIONS  AND  WORD-FORMS.* 

I.  Dear  Sir : — "We  shall  not  be  able-to  complete  the  purclmse  of 
the  Hoadley  property  at  present.  The  messenger  we  sent  was  notified 
by  some-one  in  the  neighborhood  that  the  estate  was  heavily  mortgag- 
ed, and  upon  further  inquiry  it  was  learned  that  the  chattel-mortgage 
was  overdue  ;  and  inasmuch  as  the  fact  was  afterwards  disclosed  that 
the  obligation  secured  by  the  real-estate  bond-and-mortgage  would 
mature  in  November,  the  negotiation  in-relation-to  the  transfer  was 
discontinued,  under  the  advice  of  the  lawyer  who  acted  as  counsel 
for  the  administrator,  and  with  his  approval. 

If  circumstances  shall  at  any  time  warrant  a  renewal  of  the 
negotiation,  we  will  notify  you  at-once. 

3.  My  Dear  Sir: — Your  letter  of  inquiry  as  to  the  political 
»ta>tding  of  Mr.  Perkins  can  be  answered  in  a  few  icords.  He  is  very 
changeable.  He  was  formerly  a  distinguished  representative  of 
Democracy  ;  next,  a  dignified  Republican  legislator  ;  then,  an  Inde- 
pendent, characterized  by  the  most  positive  opinions  ;  and  he  now 
undertakes  to  demonstrate  the  truth  of  his  original  convictions  as  a 
Democrat,  in  acknowledgement  of  a  conditional  promise  of  a  nomi- 
nation by  the  party  to  a  position  of  importance  for  which  I  under- 
stand he  has  long  negotiated,  in  the  expectation  that  everything 
connected  with  his  former  inconsideration  will  be  forgotten  or 
forgiven  by  intelligent  voters. 

If  the  committee  desire  more  particular  information,  it  will  be 
promptly  furnished. 

3.  Gentlemen : — I  have  referred  your  communication  of  the 
20th  instant  to  Mr.  Bacon.  His  reply  was  dictated  by  him  to  his 
stenographer,  and  he  wishes  me  to  repeat  it  to  you.  It  is  in  these 
icords : 

"The  perpendicular  portion  naturally  became  particularly 
important,  in  an  architectural  and  mechanical  sense,  for  the  proper 
and  efficient  support  and  maintenance  of  the  easterly  extension  of  the 
principal  building  of  the  university,  notwithstanding  its  intersection 
with  the  northeastern  structure;  nevertheless,  the  inexperience  and 
lack  of  comprehension  of  the  superintendent,  who  had  undertaken 

*In  these  exercises,  all  the  principles  of  phrasing-  are  to  be  used.  The 
outlines  for  the  words  printed  in  Italic  are  to  be  supplied  by  the  student. 
The  proper  outlines  for  all  the  other  words  are  contained  in  the  table  of 
Word-Signs  and  the  alphabetical  lists  of  Contractions  and  AVord-Forms 
heretofore  given.  Words  connected  by  hyphens  are  to  be  written  with  a 
single  outline. 


116   .  W  KITING  EXERCISES. 


independently  to  certify  to  its  sufficiency,  so  characteristic  of  his 
want  of  intelligence,  should  have  led  the  trustees  to  anticipate  the 
imperfect  workmanship,  and  the  consequent  occurrence  of  an  acci- 
dent of  that  description,  involving  the  authorities  of  the  institution 
in  the  expense  and  danger  of  an  action  for  negligence. " 

If  I  can  be  of  furtJier  assistance  to  you  in  the  matter,  please 
inform  me. 

4.  Dear  Carrie: — In  my  last  letter  I  spoke  of  our  drive  on 
Grand  Avenue.  We  found  a  good -deal  of  wealth  represented  in  the 
architecture  of  that  portion  of  the  city,  equaling  anything  we  have 
any  remembrance  of  having  before  discovered  in  GMT  journey.  This 
was  noticeable  in  our  first  superficial  observation  of  the  buildings, 
but  the  constant  succession  of  elegant  structures  was  very  remarkable. 
It  is  difficult  to  describe  the  effect  upon  us  of  this  wonderful  exhibi- 
tion. In  fact,  no  description  could  possibly  represent  it.  It  is 
beyond  my  ability  to  relate,  or  yours  to  imagine,  the  many  objects 
of  interest  which  we  were  given  an  opportunity  to  examine,  and 
which  we  observed  on-either-hand  as  we  continued  our  course  among 
these  countless  attractions.  It  was  afterwards  our  privilege  to  visit 
and  examine  the  internal  arrangements  of  some  of  the  dwellings,  and 
we  found  them  quite  equal  to  what  we  had  been  led  to  expect  from 
their  external  appearance.  Although  entire  strangers,  we  were 
received  with  Jiearty  welcome,  and  every  effort  was  made  to  render 
our  visit  a  pleasure  to  us,  and  it  was  certainly  very  pleasant.  We 
could  scarcely  suppress  a  constant  expression  of  surprise  at  the  uni- 
form elegance  and  taste  exhibited  in  the  manner  in  which  the  houses 
were  arranged,  and  in  the  character  and  beauty  of  their  furniture. 

The  buildings  erected  by  the  various  religious  denominations 
were  especially  worthy  of  attention.  They  showed  at-once  a 
liealthy  financial  condition,  and  the  capability  of  their  architects  and 
mechanics,  and  to  our  delighted  view  they  appeared  the  height  of 
perfection.  There  was  nothing  about  them  that  we  could-not  fully 
approve. 

As  we  reached  the  Catholic  catJiedral,  we  saw  a  large  crowd  about 
the  entrance.  We  inquired  the  occasion,  and  were  informed  that 
the  day  was  an  anniversary  observed  by  Roman  Catholics  through- 
out the  world.  As  the  services  had  commenced,  we  did  not  go  in, 
but  we  shall  try  to  visit  it  tomorrow.  The  building  itself  is  magni- 
ficent, and  in  its  interior  it  is  said  to  surpass  any  similar  edifice  in 
Europe.  I  shall  give  you  a  description  of  it  in  my  next.  For 
today,  this  short  letter,  and  the  photographs  accompanying  it,  must 
suffice. 


CONTRACTIONS  AND  WORD-FORMS.  117 

5.  Dear  Sir  : — We  h&\ejust  come  from  a  meeting  of  the  repre- 
sentatives of  the  operatives,  and  we  now  give  you  a  brief  statement 
of  the  result.     The  conversation  was  somewhat  disconnected,  at 
first,  and  for  a  good-while  few  who  spoke  acknowledged  in  any -way 
the  natural  signification  or  the  probable  consequences  of'such  a  con- 
troversy, or  the  disadvantage  and  practical  disorganization  which 
we  claimed  must  immediately  result  from  this  opposition.     They 
were  averse  to  any  movement  to  establish  the  projected  reform, 
declaring  that  unless  it  was  mutually  agreed  upon,  and  voluntary, 
it  would  excite  a  revolution.     This  assumption  we  denied.     We  had 
special  satisfaction  in  the  speech  of  one  of  the  men,  who  appeared  to 
be  perfectly  familiar  with  the  situation.     A  significant  remark  of 
his  was,  that  the  continual  trouble  we  have  had  was  occasioned 
largely  by  passion,  which  affected  their  minds  and  prevented  any- 
other  than  a  superficial  view  of  the  case.     He  acquiesced  in  the 
claim  that  they  gained  strength  by  combining,  but  he  was  apprehen- 
hensive  that  instead  of  preserving  their  rights  by  the  formation  of 
such  a  combination,   they  would  soon  become   disorganized,  or, 
at-all-e  vents,  would  altogether  fail  to  avert  the  danger  which  would 
otherwise  confront  them.     He  said  nobody  was  more  chargeable 
with  originating  the  trouble  than  themselves,  that  they  were  capable 
of  securing  the  preservation  of  their  rights  if  they  would  take  a  more 
comprehensive  view  of  the  facts,  and  that  they  might  thus  gain  a 
profit  greater-than  ever  before,  and  more  continuous. 

During  this  speech,  he  was  frequently  interrupted.  Some-of- 
the-time,  he  was  contradicted;  sometimes  they  tried  to  argue -with 
him  ;  but  for  most-of-the-time  his  representations  were  listened  to  in 
silence.  No-other  than  an  influential  man  belonging  to  themselves 
could  have  spoken  so  well.  Before  he  began,  nearly  everybody 
considered  it  an  extravagant  measure,  and  it  was  difficult  to  satisfy 
any -one  that  the  expenditure  was  indispensibly  necessary.  It  is  now 
understood  that  the  combined  efforts  of  those  interested  will  perhaps 
result  in  a  comparision  of  views  and  a  consideration  of  the  argu- 
ments advanced,  and  induce  the  greater  number  of  them  to  accept 
the  suggestion  and  assist  in  influencing  a  compliance  with  so  advan- 
tageous an  offer.  Meantime,  several  gentlemen  are  engaged  in 
endeavoring  to  secure  a  reformation  of  the  contract  between  the 
manufacturers  and  individual  workmen,  and  it  is  hoped  that  the 
work  may  soon  be  satisfactorily  reorganized.  With  organization, 
'••i.jrital  and  experience,  we  are  sure  of  ultimate  success. 

6.  The  learned  judge  charged  the  jury  that  the  plaintiff  was 
required  to  furnish  a  preponderance  of  proof,  in-order-to  maintain 


118  WRITING  EXERCISES. 

his  contention — that  he  must  prove,  by  testimony  applicable  to  the 
case  and  satisfactory  to  themselves,  every  allegation  constituting 
the  cause-of-action  set-forth  in  his  complaint.  He  remarked  that 
they  should  not  be  influenced  by  sympathy,  but  should  examine 
circumstantially  each  item  testified  to,  the  appearance  and  manner  of 
each  witness,  and  all  the  probabilities  of  the  case,  for  the  purpose  of 
reaching  a  correct  decision  in-accordance-with  the  facts ;  and  that, 
on-the-other-hand,  they  must  arrive  at  a  determination  without- 
regard-to  any -other  influence,  or  any  prejudice,  remembering  that  all 
men  are  equal  before  the  law.  He  referred  especially  to  the  hand- 
writing of  the  signatures  to  a  number  of  the  memoranda  and  other 
instruments  in-writing,  and  gave  them  careful  instruction  with- 
respect-to  the  situation  of  the  parties.  He  explained  at-length  the 
question  at  issue,  and  described  what  would  constitute  an  actionable 
offense  against  the  plaintiff's  rights.  He  instructed  them  that  a 
mistake  of  judgment  or  a  failure  to  comprehend  his  obligation 
would  disqualify  &  juror  for  discharging  his  whole  duty,  which  was 
to  deliver  a  verdict  in-accordance-with  the  truth. 

7.  The  president  of  the  Commercial  Bank  is  a  very  influential 
gentleman,  and  he  is  universally  respected.     By  the  last  will  and 
testament  of  his  deceased  brother,  he  was  nominated  as  executor. 
The  widow  had  expected  to  be  designated  as  executrix,  and  she  was 
indignant  that  her  claims  had  not  been  recognized.     Her  brother-in- 
law  disclaimed  any  desire  for  the  position,  and  after  the  preliminary 
proofs  had  been  taken  he  proposed  to  resign,  and  suggested  that  she 
be  made  administratrix.     She  was  unable  to  furnish  the  necessary 
security,  however,  and  by  common  consent  of  those  interested  he 
continued  to  act.     It  had  been  commonly  believed  that  the  deceased 
was  very  wealthy,  but  upon  a  particular  examination  of  his  accounts 
and  the  completion  of  the  inventory,  it  was  discovered  that  for  a 
year-or  two  before  his  death  he  was  on  the  verge  of  bankruptcy,  his 
business  affairs  being  so  involved  that  he  was  really  of  no  pecuniary 
responsibility  whatever.     The  family  being  thus  reduced  to  poverty, 
the  brother  undertook  to  supply  means  sufficient  to  make  them  com- 
fortable,  and  they  will,  during  the  next-month,  remove  to  a  pretty 
cottage  which  he  has  had  built  for  them. 

8.  A  peculiar  subject  of  public  interest  is  furnished  in  the 
published  accounts  with-regard-to  the  new  rules  issued  by  the 
general  government  in-respect-to  transactions  between  citizens  of 
different  states,  and  particularly  to  financial  arrangements  between 
domestic  corporations  and  mercantile  houses  which  have  heretofore 
been  able  to  obtain  a  discrimination  in  prices  for  the  transmission  of 
freight  over  our  great  railways.     Whether  an  exception  will  be 


CONTRACTIONS  AND  WORD-FORMS.  119 

made  in-respect-of  express  companies,  is  a  question  upon  which  no 
certain  information  has  as  yet  been  given.  Within  a  day-or-two, 
nominations  of  members  of  the  commission  will  be  sent  to  the  senate. 

9.  It  is  impossible  to  declare  any  reasonable  suggestion  why 
these  companies  should  be  excepted  from  a  regulation  of  such 
import.  Anything  so  extraordinary  and  questionable  has  heretofore 
been  unknown,  as  this  supposed  improvement  in  the  administration 
of  this  part  of  the  service.  It  is  suggestive  of  direct  and  improper 
influence  upon  the  person  commissioned  to  take  charge  of  postal 
affairs,  entirely  different  and  dissimilar  to  those  which  common 
people  possess  or  are  able-to  exercise  to  compel  administrative  officers 
to  discriminate  between  them  and  others  in  the  practical  operation 
of  a  law,  when  we  consider  that  it  will  confer  upon  these  combina- 
tions a  privilege  so  dangerous  to  the  revenue.  Why  should  any- 
body, engaged  in  any  occupation,  be  thus  punished,  in  the  perform- 
ance of  his  usual  avocation,  and  the  disposition  of  his  manufactures 
or  merchandise  or  exchanges  be  questioned  or  challenged,  or  his 
compliance  with  his  regular  agreements  be  prevented,  and  additional 
disqualifications  be  determined  upon  by  inconsiderate  officials,  to 
disorganize  trade  and  to  put  difficulties  in  the  way  of  commercial 
transactions  ?  If  it  is  decreed  that  manufactories  and  banks  and 
business  establishments  are  to  be  substantially  forced  to  assignments 
by  the  application  of  this  rule,  we  apprehend  that  loss  of  personal 
security  may  follow  the  loss  of  property. 

10.  What  is  the  significance  of  this  unconsidered  resolution  ? 
What  is  to  be  its  longer  continuation,  or  the  possibility  of  the 
frequency  and  duration  of  its  distinct  and  unconditional  enforce- 
ment? What  justification  dignifies  the  declaration  of  such  a  discrimi- 
nation ?  What  doctrine  determines  its  indispensible  necessity,  or 
requires  this  commission  of  injustice  ?  How  inconsistent  are  the 
extravagant  technical  arguments  in  explanation  of  the  determination 
to  compel  acquiescence  in  this  transition  toward  financial  destruc- 
tion !  The  circumstances  connected  with  this  destructive  demon- 
stration by  the  dignified  and  consequential  gentleman  who  assumes 
to  be  the  corrector  and  governor  of  the  postal  affairs  of  the  republic, 
and  who  is  really  responsible  for  the  bewildering  sense  of  insecurity 
and  apprehension  so  universally  felt,  are  arousing  such  indignation 
and  anger  as  should  at-least  lead  him  to  heed  the  expression  of  the 
dissatisfaction  so  universally  entertained.  The  complication  is 
exceedingly  serious,  and  we  trust  that  it  will  at-once  attract  the 
attention  of  the  authorities,  and  that  they  will  teach  a  lesson  to  this 
transient  proficient  in  legislation  that  will  be  instructive  to  such  as 
he  for  all  time  to  come. 


OPTIONAL    EXPEDIENTS. 


The  expedients  given  below  are  intended  for  the  use  of  expert 
writers  only.  Students  should  not  attempt  to  use  them,  until  they 
have  had  considerable  experience  in  actual  work.  Some  of  the 
special  phrasing  contractions  are  included  in  the  table  of  Illustrative 
Phrases,  and  will  be  suggestive  to  the  intelligent  stenographer. 

ATTENTION.— The  small  circle  and  back-hook  may  be  used  for  atten- 
tion, when  that  word  ends  a  phrase ;  as  in  the  phrases,  Was  your  attention, 
Zysn2 ;  Catted  my  attention,  Kld1Msn. 

BUT  may  be  indicated,  at  the  beginning  of  a  clause  or  a  sentence,  by 
the  T-tick  resting  on  the  line. 

FORTH.— The  use  of  the  F-hook  may  be  extended,  by  using  it  to  add 
forth ;  as,  Call  forth,  Klf1 ;  Put  forth,  Pf3. 

HUSBAND  may  be  written  sBnd,  at  the  end  of  a  phrase. 

I.— In  law  reporting,  /may  be  omitted  from  the  phrases  I  did  not,  I  do 
not,  I  had  not,  where  such  phrase  comprises  the  whole  of  the  answer  of  a 
witness. 

I  may  be  omitted  where  it  occurs  the  second  time,  in  such  phrases  as 
I  don't  know  as  I  did ;  I  don't  know  as  I  can ;  I  don't  Know  as  I  ever  did. 

Jmay  be  written  with  the  K-tick,  in  the  middle  or  end  of  a  phrase, 
where  the  T-tick  cannot  be  used ;  as,  May  I  not,  MfcNt. 

KT  is  often  expressed  by  halving  a  preceding  stem  ;  as  Prospect,  Prs'Pt: 
Inspect,  NsJPt. 

RECOLLECT  may  sometimes  be  indicated  by  Ray  struck  downward, 
after  an  N-hook  ;  as  in  I  don't  recollect. 

REMEMBER  may  be  indicated  by  B,  in  a  phrase  where  Br  cannot  be 
joined;  as,  I  don't  remember,  rDnB. 

REPETITION.— The  repetition  of  a  phrase  may  be  noted  by  V?< 
written  at  points  where  the  repetition  occurs ;  as  in  the  sentence  / 

"  You  witt  carefully  consider  the  testimony  of  each  witness the  opportunity 

he  had  for  observation his  bearing  upon   the  stand the  apparent 

candor  or  lack  of  candor  in  his  manner  of  testifying the  amount  of  interest 

he  has  in  the  result  of  the  action,"  etc. 

SESSION.— In  convention  reporting,  the  large  circle  and  back-hook 
may  add  the  word  session  ;  as,  At  that  session,  T3Thssn. 

STREET.— The  small  loop  may  be  used  for  street,  where  it  can  be  added 
to  the  name  of  a  street ;  as,  Lake  street,  X/Kst. 

SEMI-CIRCLES  may  be  used  in  such  phrases  as  Those  ivere  the, 
Dhs3u>c7i;  What  is  your  recollection!  Ts'j/Bsn ;  Because  we  were,  Ks'iru;. 

TO  may  be  indicated,  at  the  beginning  of  a  sentence  or  line,  by  writing 
the  succeeding  word  entirely  below  the  line. 

TO  HAVE.— The  use  of  the  F-hook  may  be  extended,  to  add  to  have ; 
as,  Said  to  have,  sDf ;  Expect  to  have,  sPf3. 

THINK  may  be  written  with  Th,  in  phrases  where  Ng  will  not  make  a 
distinct  angle. 

TIME  OF  DAY.— Attention  is  called  to  the  manner  of  indicating  the 
hour,  in  connection  with  the  name  of  the  day  of  the  week,  in  the  illustra- 
tive Phrases. 

WH.— The  B-tick  may  sometimes  be  used  for  ich,  where  the  J-tick 
cannot  be  used.  If  the  former  be  used  before  L,  the  downstroke  may  be 
used*  even  where  the  word  contains  no  other  stem ;  as,  Whistle,  bsL1. 

YES :  YES,  SIR.— S2  and  Ss2R  may  be  used  for  these  expressions,  if 
preferred.  In  such  a  sentence  as  Did  he  say,  Yes?  the  word  should  be 
written  Ys2. 


INDEX. 


PAGB. 

Affixes  ...................................  41,  43 

Alphabet,  The,  ..........................  3 

Aspirate,  The,  ...........................  12 

Choice  of  Outlines,  .....................  70 

Circles,  ..................................  14,  18 

Coalescents,  .............................  38,  39 

Concurrent  Vowels,  ....................  8 

Consonants,  .............................  3 

Consonants,  Combinations  of,  .........  20 

Consonants  Omissions  of,  .............  38 

Contractions,  Definition  of,  ...........  12 

Contractions  and  Word-forms,  cclassi- 

fled),  .................................  49 

Contractions  and  Word-forms  (alpha- 

betical) ...............................  67 

Contrasts,  Tablesof,  ....................  71 

Derivatives,  outlines  and  Positions  of,  38 

Di  phthongs  .............................  8 

Erf,  Tick  for  .............................  36 

Est,Ist,  Words  ending  with  ............  34 

Foreign  Sounds,  .......................  38 

F-V-Hook  ...............................  28 

Group  Phrasing,  ........................  44 

Half-lengths,  Positions  of  ..............  34 

Halving,  .................................  34 

How,  Tick  for  ...........................  83 

Hooks,  Combinations  of,  with  Circles 

and  Loops  ...........................  24 

Hooks,  Vocalization  of  .................  24 

Important  Words,  Outlines  for,  .......  66 

Initial  Hooks,  Vocalization  of,  .........  24 

Initials,  now  written,  ...................  63 

Introductory,  ____  -  .......................  1 

7/13,  indicated  by  hook,  ................  :«* 

Iss-circle,  ................................  14 

L-hook,  ..................................  22 

Lengthened  Stems,  Positions  of,  ......  36 

Lengthening,  ............................  36 

LoopsforSt  and  Str  ....................  18 

Loops  for  Nst  and  Nstr,  ...............  26 

L,  R.and  Sh,  Rules  for  .................  10 

M-hook  ..................................  30 

N,  additional  hook  for  ..................  30,  32 

N-hook  ..................................  24 

N-hook,  al  ter  circles,  ...................  16 

Nsand  Nses,  circles  for,  ................  26 

Nst  and  Nstr,  loops  for  ..................  26 

Ns-tion,  how  written,  ...................  34 

Optional  Expedients,  ...................  115 

Outlines  and  Positions  of  Derivatives,  38 

Outlines,  Choice  of,  ....................  70 

Outlines  for  Important  Words,  ........  66 

Omissions  of  Consonants,  ..............  38 

Phrases,  Illustrative  ....................  92 

Phrases,  Special  .........................  45 

Phrasing,  General  Rules  for,  ..........  44 

Phrasing,  Group  ........................  44 

Phrasing,  Simple,  ......................  12,  45 

Plural  Number  ..........................  16,  18 


Position,  exceptions  to  rule  of, 
Position,  Rule  of 
Positives  and  Negatives, 


Prefixes  and  Affixes, 40,  43 

Punctuation, 2 

READING  EXERCISES  : 

Early  Reporters, 98 

First  Steamboat  Passage  Money, . .  99 

A  Charming  Customer  in  a  Bank,.  100 

L'se  of  Simple  Words, 101 

A  Typewriter  Forgery, 102 

Charge  to  a  Jury, 103 

Ray,  when  halved  for  D, 34 

Rer  and  Rier  distinguished 22 

Rland  nel  distinguished 22 

R-hook, 20 

Semi-circles  for  W  and  Y, 10,  38 

Sen,  hook  for, 16 

Ses  and  Sez  circle 18 

Sh,  indicated  by  circle  or  loop 16,  38 

Similar  Words  Distinguished, 36,  64 

Simple  Phrasing, 12,  45 

Special  Phrases, 45 

St  and  Str  loops. 18 

Stems,  Irregular, 4 

Stems,  Regular  Curved, 4 

Stems,  Regular  Straight 4 

Stenotypy,  Rules  of, 56 

S-tion  hook, 34 

Tick  for  How 83 

Ticks, 12,  77 , 81,  82,  84,  85 

TicksafterF  hook, 85 

Ticks  after  N-hook, 84 

Ticks  before  L-hook, ,  82 

Ticks  before  R-hook, 81 

Tion-hook 32 

Tive,  how  written 34 

Ter-hook, 30 

To,  indication  of, 40 

Vocalization  of  Initial  hooks 24 

Vowels,  Concurrent, 8 

Vowels,  Diagram  of, 71 

Vowels,  Long, 6 

Vowels,  Short, 8 

W  and  Y,  semi-circles  for, 10,  38 

Wh, 12 

Whook 30 

Words  ending  with  L .' 92 

Words  ending  with  R 93 

Words,  Outlines  for  Important 66 

Words,  Positions  of,. 6 

Wordsigns  and  Contractions, 18 

Wordsigns,  Definition  of, 12 

Wordsigns,  table  of 48 

WRITING  EXERCISES  : 

On  the  Principles, 73 

Stenographers  in  New  York, 107 

Use  of  Simple  Words, 108 

A  Typewriter  Forgery 110 

Charge  to  a  Jury, Ill 

Y-hook 28 

Y,  semi-circle  for 10,  38 


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